| Title | The Variability of the Black Hole Image in M87 at the Dynamical Timescale |
| Authors | Satapathy, Kaushik Psaltis, Dimitrios Ozel, Feryal Medeiros, Lia Dougall, Sean T. Chan, Chi-Kwan Wielgus, Maciek Prather, Ben S. Wong, George N. Gammie, Charles F. Akiyama, Kazunori Alberdi, Antxon Alef, Walter Algaba, Juan Carlos Anantua, Richard Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Ball, David Balokovic, Mislay Barrett, John Benson, Bradford A. Bintley, Dan Blackburn, Lindy Blundell, Raymond Boland, Wilfred Bouman, Katherine L. Bower, Geoffrey C. Boyce, Hope Bremer, Michael Brinkerink, Christiaan D. Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broderick, Avery E. Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Bustamente, Sandra Byun, Do-Young Carlstrom, John E. Chael, Andrew Chatterjee, Koushik Chatterjee, Shami Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conway, John E. Cordes, James M. Crawford, Thomas M. Crew, Geoffrey B. Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro Cui, Yuzhu Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Dempsey, Jessica Desvignes, Gregory Dexter, Jason Doeleman, Sheperd S. Eatough, Ralph P. Falcke, Heino Farah, Joseph Fish, Vincent L. Fomalont, Ed Ford, H. Alyson Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Fuentes, Antonio Galison, Peter Garcia, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Georgiev, Boris Goddi, Ciriaco Gold, Roman Gomez-Ruiz, Arturo, I Gomez, Jose L. Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark Hada, Kazuhiro Haggard, Daryl Hecht, Michael H. Hesper, Ronald Ho, Paul Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Ikeda, Shiro Inoue, Makoto Issaoun, Sara James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Janssen, Michael Jeter, Britton Jiang, Wu Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra Johnson, Michael D. Jorstad, Svetlana Jung, Taehyun Karami, Mansour Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, Mark Kim, Dong-Jin Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Junhan Kino, Motoki Koay, Jun Yi Kofuji, Yutaro Koch, Patrick M. Koyama, Shoko Kramer, Carsten Kramer, Michael Krichbaum, Thomas P. Kuo, Cheng-Yu Lauer, Tod R. Lee, Sang-Sung Levis, Aviad Li, Yan-Rong Li, Zhiyuan Lindqvist, Michael Lico, Rocco Lindahl, Greg Liu, Jun Liu, Kuo Liuzzo, Elisabetta Lo, Wen-Ping Lobanov, Andrei P. Loinard, Laurent Lonsdale, Colin Lu, Ru-Sen MacDonald, Nicholas R. Mao, Jirong Marchili, Nicola Markoff, Sera Marrone, Daniel P. Marscher, Alan P. Marti-Vidal, Ivan Matsushita, Satoki Matthews, Lynn D. Menten, Karl M. Mizuno, Izumi Mizuno, Yosuke Moran, James M. Moriyama, Kotaro Moscibrodzka, Monika Mueller, Cornelia Mejias, Alejandro Mus Musoke, Gibwa Nagai, Hiroshi Nagar, Neil M. Nakamura, Masanori Narayan, Ramesh Narayanan, Gopal Natarajan, Iniyan Nathanail, Antonios Neilsen, Joey Neri, Roberto Ni, Chunchong Noutsos, Aristeidis Nowak, Michael A. Okino, Hiroki Olivares, Hector Ortiz-Leon, Gisela N. Oyama, Tomoaki Palumbo, Daniel C. M. Park, Jongho Patel, Nimesh Pen, Ue-Li Pesce, Dominic W. Pietu, Vincent Plambeck, Richard PopStefanija, Aleksandar Porth, Oliver Potzl, Felix M. Preciado-Lopez, Jorge A. Pu, Hung-Yi Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh Rao, Ramprasad Rawlings, Mark G. Raymond, Alexander W. Rezzolla, Luciano Ripperda, Bart Roelofs, Freek Rogers, Alan Ros, Eduardo Rose, Mel Roshanineshat, Arash Rottmann, Helge Roy, Alan L. Ruszczyk, Chet Rygl, Kazi L. J. Sanchez, Salvador Sanchez-Arguelles, David Sasada, Mahito Savolainen, Tuomas Schloerb, F. Peter Schuster, Karl-Friedrich Shao, Lijing Shen, Zhiqiang Small, Des Sohn, Bong Won SooHoo, Jason Sun, He Tazaki, Fumie Tetarenko, Alexandra J. Tiede, Paul Tilanus, Remo P. J. Titus, Michael Toma, Kenji Torne, Pablo Traianou, Efthalia Trent, Tyler Trippe, Sascha van Bemmel, Ilse van Langevelde, Huib Jan van Rossum, Daniel R. Wagner, Jan Ward-Thompson, Derek Wardle, John Weintroub, Jonathan Wex, Norbert Wharton, Robert Wiik, Kaj Wu, Qingwen Yoon, Doosoo Young, Andre Young, Ken Younsi, Ziri Yuan, Feng Yuan, Ye-Fei Zensus, J. Anton Zhao, Guang-Yao Zhao, Shan-Shan |
| Affiliation | Univ Arizona, Astron Dept, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA Univ Arizona, Dept Phys, 1118 E 4th St, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA Inst Adv Study, Sch Nat Sci, 1 Einstein Dr, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA Harvard Univ, Black Hole Initiat, 20 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA Harvard & Smithsonian, Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA Univ Illinois, Illinois Ctr Adv Studies Universe, Dept Phys, 1110 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA Univ Illinois, Dept Astron, 1002 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA MIT, Haystack Observ, 99 Millstone Rd, Westford, MA 01886 USA Natl Astron Observ Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, Glorieta Astron S-N, E-18008 Granada, Spain Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany Univ Malaya, Fac Sci, Dept Phys, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 11F Astron Math Bldg,AS NTU 1,Sec 4,Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan Univ Valencia, Dept Astron & Astrofis, C Dr Moliner 50, E-46100 Valencia, Spain Univ Valencia, Observ Astron, C Catedrat Jose Beltran 2, E-46980 Valencia, Spain Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA Univ Arizona, Dept Astron, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, MS209,POB 500, Batavia, MS 60510 USA Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA Nederlandse Onderzoeksch Astron NOVA, POB 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands CALTECH, 1200 East Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 645 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA McGill Univ, Dept Phys, 3600 Rue Univ, Montreal, PQ H3A 2T8, Canada McGill Univ, McGill Space Inst, 3550 Rue Univ, Montreal, PQ H3A 2A7, Canada Inst Radioastron Millimetr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Inst Math Astrophys & Particle Phys IMAPP, Dept Astrophys, POB 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands Perimeter Inst Theoret Phys, 31 Caroline St North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada Univ Waterloo, Dept Phys & Astron, 200 Univ Ave West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada Univ Waterloo, Waterloo Ctr Astrophys, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst, Daedeok Daero 776, Daejeon 34055, South Korea Univ Sci & Technol, Gajeong Ro 217, Daejeon 34113, South Korea Univ Chicago, Kavli Inst Cosmol Phys, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, 5720 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Princeton Univ, Princeton Ctr Theoret Sci, Jadwin Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA Univ Amsterdam, Anton Pannekoek Inst Astron, Sci Pk 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands Cornell Univ, Cornell Ctr Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Astron Observ, 80 Nandan Rd, Shanghai 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Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Astron, Cdmx 04510, Mexico Chinese Acad Sci, Yunnan Observ, Kunming 650011, Yunnan, Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Astron Megasci, 20A Datun Rd, Beijing 100012, Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Struct & Evolut Celestial Objects, Kunming 650011, Yunnan, Peoples R China Univ Amsterdam, Gravitat Astroparticle Phys Amsterdam GRAPPA Inst, Sci Pk 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Tsung Dao Lee Inst, Shanghai 200240, Peoples R China Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Sch Phys & Astron, Shanghai 200240, Peoples R China Univ Concepcion, Astron Dept, Casilla 160-C, Concepcion, Chile Hachinohe Coll, Natl Inst Technol, 16-1 Uwanotai, Hachinohe, Aomori 0391192, Japan South African Radio Astron Observ, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa Villanova Univ, Mendel Sci Ctr, Rm 263B,800 E Lancaster Ave, Villanova, PA 19085 USA Washington Univ, Phys Dept, CB 1105, St Louis, MO 63130 USA Univ Toronto, Canadian Inst Theoret Astrophys, 60 St 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RA Leiden, Netherlands Netherlands Org Sci Res NWO, Postbus 93138, NL-2509 AC The Hague, Netherlands Tohoku Univ, Frontier Res Inst Interdisciplinary Sci, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan Tohoku Univ, Astron Inst, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Seoul 08826, South Korea Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ, Postbus 2300, NL-9513 RA Leiden, Netherlands Univ Cent Lancashire, Jeremiah Horrocks Inst, Preston PR1 2HE, Lancs, England Brandeis Univ, Phys Dept, 415 South St, Waltham, MA 02453 USA Univ Turku, Dept Phys & Astron, Tuorla Observ, Turku, Finland Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Phys, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, Peoples R China Univ Coll London, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Sch Astron & Space Sci, 19A Yuquan Rd, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China Univ Sci & Technol China, Astron Dept, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China |
| Keywords | GRMHD SIMULATIONS ACCRETION SCHEME ENERGY NOISE MASS |
| Issue Date | 1-Jan-2022 |
| Publisher | ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL |
| Abstract | The black hole images obtained with the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) are expected to be variable at the dynamical timescale near their horizons. For the black hole at the center of the M87 galaxy, this timescale (5-61 days) is comparable to the 6 day extent of the 2017 EHT observations. Closure phases along baseline triangles are robust interferometric observables that are sensitive to the expected structural changes of the images but are free of station-based atmospheric and instrumental errors. We explored the day-to-day variability in closure-phase measurements on all six linearly independent nontrivial baseline triangles that can be formed from the 2017 observations. We showed that three triangles exhibit very low day-to-day variability, with a dispersion of similar to 3 degrees-5 degrees. The only triangles that exhibit substantially higher variability (similar to 90 degrees-180 degrees) are the ones with baselines that cross the visibility amplitude minima on the u-v plane, as expected from theoretical modeling. We used two sets of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations to explore the dependence of the predicted variability on various black hole and accretion-flow parameters. We found that changing the magnetic field configuration, electron temperature model, or black hole spin has a marginal effect on the model consistency with the observed level of variability. On the other hand, the most discriminating image characteristic of models is the fractional width of the bright ring of emission. Models that best reproduce the observed small level of variability are characterized by thin ring-like images with structures dominated by gravitational lensing effects and thus least affected by turbulence in the accreting plasmas. |
| URI | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11897/637046 |
| ISSN | 0004-637X |
| DOI | 10.3847/1538-4357/ac332e |
| Indexed | SCI(E) |
| Appears in Collections: | 物理学院 科维理天文与天体物理研究所 |
