| Title | The Polarized Image of a Synchrotron-emitting Ring of Gas Orbiting a Black Hole |
| Authors | Narayan, Ramesh Palumbo, Daniel C. M. Johnson, Michael D. Gelles, Zachary Himwich, Elizabeth Chang, Dominic O. Ricarte, Angelo Dexter, Jason Gammie, Charles F. Chael, Andrew A. Akiyama, Kazunori Alberdi, Antxon Alef, Walter Algaba, Juan Carlos Anantua, Richard Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Ball, David Barrett, John Benson, Bradford A. Bintley, Dan Blackburn, Lindy Blundell, Raymond Boland, Wilfred Bouman, Katherine L. Bower, Geoffrey C. Boyce, Hope Bremer, Michael Brinkerink, Christiaan D. Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broderick, Avery E. Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Byun, Do-Young Carlstrom, John E. Chan, Chi-kwan Chatterjee, Shami Chatterjee, Koushik Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Chesler, Paul M. Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conway, John E. Cordes, James M. Crawford, Thomas M. Crew, Geoffrey B. Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro Cui, Yuzhu Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Dempsey, Jessica Desvignes, Gregory Doeleman, Sheperd S. Eatough, Ralph P. Falcke, Heino Farah, Joseph Fish, Vincent L. Fomalont, Ed Ford, H. Alyson Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Fuentes, Antonio Galison, Peter Garcia, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Georgiev, Boris Goddi, Ciriaco Gold, Roman Gomez, Jose L. Gomez-Ruiz, Arturo, I Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark Hada, Kazuhiro Haggard, Daryl Hecht, Michael H. Hesper, Ronald Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Ikeda, Shiro Inoue, Makoto Issaoun, Sara James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Janssen, Michael Jeter, Britton Jiang, Wu Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra Jorstad, Svetlana Jung, Taehyun Karami, Mansour Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, Mark Kim, Dong-Jin Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Junhan Kino, Motoki Koay, Jun Yi Kofuji, Yutaro Koch, Patrick M. Koyama, Shoko Kramer, Michael Kramer, Carsten Krichbaum, Thomas P. Kuo, Cheng-Yu Lauer, Tod R. Lee, Sang-Sung Levis, Aviad Li, Yan-Rong Li, Zhiyuan Lindqvist, Michael Lico, Rocco Lindahl, Greg Liu, Jun Liu, Kuo Liuzzo, Elisabetta Lo, Wen-Ping Lobanov, Andrei P. Loinard, Laurent Lonsdale, Colin Ru-Sen Lu MacDonald, Nicholas R. Mao, Jirong Marchili, Nicola Markoff, Sera Marrone, Daniel P. Marscher, Alan P. Marti-Vidal, Ivan Matsushita, Satoki Matthews, Lynn D. Medeiros, Lia Menten, Karl M. Mizuno, Izumi Mizuno, Yosuke Moran, James M. Moriyama, Kotaro Moscibrodzka, Monika Muller, Cornelia Musoke, Gibwa Mejias, Alejandro Mus Nagai, Hiroshi Nagar, Neil M. Nakamura, Masanori Narayanan, Gopal Natarajan, Iniyan Nathanail, Antonios Neilsen, Joey Neri, Roberto Ni, Chunchong Noutsos, Aristeidis Nowak, Michael A. Okino, Hiroki Olivares, Hector Ortiz-Leon, Gisela N. Oyama, Tomoaki Ozel, Feryal Park, Jongho Patel, Nimesh Ue-Li Pen Pesce, Dominic W. Pietu, Vincent Plambeck, Richard PopStefanija, Aleksandar Porth, Oliver Potzl, Felix M. Ben Prather Preciado-Lopez, Jorge A. Psaltis, Dimitrios Pu, Hung-Yi Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh Rao, Ramprasad Rawlings, Mark G. Raymond, Alexander W. Rezzolla, Luciano Ripperda, Bart Roelofs, Freek Rogers, Alan Ros, Eduardo Rose, Mel Roshanineshat, Arash Rottmann, Helge Roy, Alan L. Ruszczyk, Chet Rygl, Kazi L. J. Sanchez, Salvador Sanchez-Arguelles, David Sasada, Mahito Savolainen, Tuomas Schloerb, F. Peter Schuster, Karl-Friedrich Shao, Lijing Shen, Zhiqiang Des Small Sohn, Bong Won SooHoo, Jason Sun, He Tazaki, Fumie Tetarenko, Alexandra J. Tiede, Paul Tilanus, Remo P. J. Titus, Michael Toma, Kenji Torne, Pablo Trent, Tyler Traianou, Efthalia Trippe, Sascha van Bemmel, Ilse van Langevelde, Huib Jan van Rossum, Daniel R. Wagner, Jan Ward-Thompson, Derek Wardle, John Weintroub, Jonathan Wex, Norbert Wharton, Robert Wielgus, Maciek Wong, George N. Wu, Qingwen Yoon, Doosoo Young, Andre Young, Ken Younsi, Ziri Yuan, Feng Yuan, Ye-Fei Zensus, J. Anton Zhao, Guang-Yao Zhao, Shan-Shan |
| Affiliation | Harvard & Smithsonian, Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA Harvard Univ, Black Hole Initiat, 20 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA Harvard Univ, Ctr Fundamental Laws Nat, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA Univ Colorado, JILA & Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, 1110 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA Univ Illinois, Dept Astron, 1002 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA Princeton Univ, Princeton Ctr Theoret Sci, Jadwin Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA MIT, Haystack Observ, 99 Millstone Rd, Westford, MA 01886 USA Natl Astron Observ Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 2211, Japan CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andaluc, Glorieta De La Astronom S-N, E-18008 Granada, Spain Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Auf Dem Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany Univ Malaya, Fac Sci, Dept Phys, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 11F Astron Math Bldg,AS-NTU 1,Sec 4,Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan Univ Valencia, Dept Astron & 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North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada Univ Waterloo, Dept Phys & Astron, 200 Ave West, University, ON N2L 3G1, Canada Univ Waterloo, Waterloo Ctr Astrophys, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst, Daedeok Daero 776, Daejeon 34055, South Korea Univ Sci & Technol, Gajeong Ro 217, Daejeon 34113, South Korea Univ Chicago, Kavli Inst Cosmol Phys, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, 5720 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Univ Arizona, Data Sci Inst, 1230 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA Cornell Univ, Cornell Ctr Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA Univ Amsterdam, Anton Pannekoek Inst Astron, Sci Pk 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Astron Observ, 80 Nandan Rd, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Radio Astron, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China Fairfield Univ, Phys Dept, 1073 North Benson Rd, Fairfield, CT 06824 USA Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Space Earth & Environm, Onsala Space Observ, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Inst Theoret Phys, Max Laue Str 1, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany Natl Astron Observ Japan, Mizusawa VLBI Observ, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Iwate 0230861, Japan Grad Univ Adv Studies SOKENDAI, Dept Astron Sci, Mitaka, Tokyo 2211, Japan Flatiron Inst, Ctr Computat Astrophys, 162 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10010 USA Columbia Univ, Dept Astron & Columbia Astrophys Lab, 550 120th St, New York, NY 10027 USA Univ Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento Fis & Pancini, Compl Univ Monte S Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Naples, Italy Compl Univ Monte S Angelo, INFN Sez Napoli, Edificio G,Via Cinthia, I-80126 Naples, Italy Univ Witwatersrand, Wits Ctr Astrophys, ZA-2050 Johannesburg, South Africa Univ Pretoria, Dept Phys, ZA-0028 Pretoria, South Africa Rhodes Univ, Ctr Radio Astron Tech & Technol, Dept Phys & Elect, ZA-6140 Makhanda, South Africa Univ Paris, Observ Paris, Sorbonne Univ, CNRS, 5 Pl Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Astron Observ, 20A Datun Rd, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China Univ Massachusetts, 100 William T Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA 02125 USA Natl Radio Astron Observ, 520 Edgemt Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA Harvard Univ, Dept Hist Sci, 933 N Cherry Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ Allegro, POB 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands Univ Southern Denmark, CP3-Origins,Campusvej 55, DK-5230 M Odense, Denmark CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, Glorieta De La Astronom S-N, E-18008 Granada, Spain Inst Nacl Astrofis Opt & Electr, Apartado Postal 51 & 216, Puebla Pue 72000, Mexico Consejo Nacl Ciencia & Tecnolog, Av Insurgentes 1582, Ciudad De Mexico 03940, Mexico Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Res Galaxies & Cosmol, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China Univ Groningen, Kapteyn Astron Inst, NOVA Sub Mm Instrumentat Grp, Landleven 12, NL-9747 AD Groningen, Netherlands Peking Univ, Sch Phys, Dept Astron, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China Peking Univ, Kavli Inst Astron & Astrophys, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Astron, Bunkyo Ku, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan Inst Stat Math, 10-3 Midori Cho, Tokyo 1908562, Japan Grad Univ Adv Studies SOKENDAI, Dept Stat Sci, 10-3 Midori Cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 1908562, Japan Univ Tokyo, Kavli Inst Phys & Math Universe, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778583, Japan Boston Univ, Inst Astrophys Res, 725 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA St Petersburg Univ, Astron Inst, Univ Skij Pr 28, St Petersburg 198504, Russia Univ Tokyo, Inst Cosm Ray Res, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778582, Japan Joint Inst VLBI ERIC JIVE, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, NL-7991 PD Dwingeloo, Netherlands Kogakuin Univ Technol & Engn, Acad Support Ctr, 2665-1 Nakano, Hachioji, Tokyo 1920015, Japan Natl Sun Yat Sen Univ, Phys Dept, 70,Lien Hai Rd, Kaosiung City 80424, Taiwan Natl Opt Astron Observ, 950 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA Chinese Acad Sci, Inst High Energy Phys, Key Lab Particle Astrophys, 19B Yuquan Rd, Beijing, Peoples R China Nanjing Univ, Sch Astron & Space Sci, Nanjing 210023, Peoples R China Nanjing Univ, Key Lab Modern Astron & Astrophys, Nanjing 210023, Peoples R China Italian Alma Reg Ctr, INAF Ist Radioastron, Via P Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Phys, 1,Sect 4,Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Radioastronom & Astrofis, Morelia 58089, Michoacan, Mexico Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Astronom, Cdmx 04510, Mexico Chinese Acad Sci, Yunnan Observ, Kunming 650011, Yunnan, Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Astron Megasci, 20A Datun Rd, Beijing 100012, Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Struct & Evolut Celestial Objects, Kunming 650011, Yunnan, Peoples R China Univ Amsterdam, Gravitat Astroparticle Phys Amsterdam GRAPPA Inst, Sci Pk 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands Princeton Univ Sch Nat Sci, Inst Adv Study, 1 Einstein Dr, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Tsung Dao Lee Inst & Sch Phys & Astron, Shanghai 200240, Peoples R China Univ Concepcion, Astron Dept, Casilla 160-C, Concepcion, Chile Hachinohe Coll, Natl Inst Technol, 16-1 Uwanotai, Aomori 0391192, Japan Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA South African Radio Astron Observ, Observ 7925, Cape Town, South Africa Villanova Univ, Mendel Sci Ctr, Rm 263B,800 E Lancaster Ave, Villanova, PA 19085 USA Washington Univ, Phys Dept, CB 1105, St Louis, MO 63130 USA Univ Toronto, Canadian Inst Theoret Astrophys, 60 St, St George, ON M5S 3H8, Canada Univ Toronto, Dunlap Inst Astron & Astrophys, 50 St, St George, ON M5S 3H4, Canada Canadian Inst Adv Res, 180 Dundas St West, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8, Canada Univ Calif Berkeley, Radio Astron Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Natl Taiwan Normal Univ, Dept Phys, 88,Sec 4,Tingzhou Rd, Taipei 116, Taiwan Frankfurt Inst Adv Studies, Ruth Moufang Str 1, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany Trinity Coll Dublin, Sch Math, Dublin 2, Ireland Princeton Univ, Dept Astrophys Sci, Peyton Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA Inst Radioastronom Milim Etr, IRAM, Ave Divina Pastora 7,Local 20, E-18012 Granada, Spain Hiroshima Univ, Hiroshima Astrophys Sci Ctr, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 7398526, Japan Aalto Univ, Dept Elect & Nanoengn, PL 15500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland Aalto Univ, Metsahovi Radio Observ, Metsahovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmala, Finland Yonsei Univ, Dept Astron, Yonsei Ro 50, Seoul 03722, South Korea Netherlands Org Sci Res NWO, Postbus 93138, NL-2509 AC The Hague, Netherlands Tohoku Univ, Frontier Res Inst Interdisciplinary Sci, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan Tohoku Univ, Astron Inst, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Seoul 08826, South Korea Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ, Postbus 2300, NL-9513 RA Leiden, Netherlands Univ Cent Lancashire, Jeremiah Horrocks Inst, Preston PR1 2HE, Lancs, England Brandeis Univ, Phys Dept, 415 South St, Waltham, MA 02453 USA Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Phys, People S Republ China, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, Peoples R China Univ Coll London, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Holmbury St Mary, Surrey RH5 6NT, NT, England Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Sch Astron & Space Sci, 19A Yuquan Rd, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China Univ Sci & Technol China, Astron Dept, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China |
| Issue Date | May-2021 |
| Publisher | ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL |
| Abstract | Synchrotron radiation from hot gas near a black hole results in a polarized image. The image polarization is determined by effects including the orientation of the magnetic field in the emitting region, relativistic motion of the gas, strong gravitational lensing by the black hole, and parallel transport in the curved spacetime. We explore these effects using a simple model of an axisymmetric, equatorial accretion disk around a Schwarzschild black hole. By using an approximate expression for the null geodesics derived by Beloborodov and conservation of the Walker-Penrose constant, we provide analytic estimates for the image polarization. We test this model using currently favored general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of M87*, using ring parameters given by the simulations. For a subset of these with modest Faraday effects, we show that the ring model broadly reproduces the polarimetric image morphology. Our model also predicts the polarization evolution for compact flaring regions, such as those observed from Sgr A* with GRAVITY. With suitably chosen parameters, our simple model can reproduce the EVPA pattern and relative polarized intensity in Event Horizon Telescope images of M87*. Under the physically motivated assumption that the magnetic field trails the fluid velocity, this comparison is consistent with the clockwise rotation inferred from total intensity images. |
| URI | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11897/612600 |
| ISSN | 0004-637X |
| DOI | 10.3847/1538-4357/abf117 |
| Indexed | SCI(E) |
| Appears in Collections: | 物理学院 科维理天文与天体物理研究所 |
