| Title | Polarimetric Properties of Event Horizon Telescope Targets from ALMA |
| Authors | Goddi, Ciriaco Marti-Vidal, Ivan Messias, Hugo Bower, Geoffrey C. Broderick, Avery E. Dexter, Jason Marrone, Daniel P. Moscibrodzka, Monika Nagai, Hiroshi Algaba, Juan Carlos Asada, Keiichi Crew, Geoffrey B. Gomez, Jose L. Impellizzeri, C. M. Violette Janssen, Michael Kadler, Matthias Krichbaum, Thomas P. Lico, Rocco Matthews, Lynn D. Nathanail, Antonios Ricarte, Angelo Ros, Eduardo Younsi, Ziri Akiyama, Kazunori Alberdi, Antxon Alef, Walter Anantua, Richard Azulay, Rebecca Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Ball, David Balokovic, Mislay Barrett, John Benson, Bradford A. Bintley, Dan Blackburn, Lindy Blundell, Raymond Boland, Wilfred Bouman, Katherine L. Boyce, Hope Bremer, Michael Brinkerink, Christiaan D. Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Byun, Do-Young Carlstrom, John E. Chael, Andrew Chan, Chi-kwan Chatterjee, Shami Chatterjee, Koushik Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Chesler, Paul M. Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conway, John E. Cordes, James M. Crawford, Thomas M. Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro Cui, Yuzhu Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Dempsey, Jessica Desvignes, Gregory Doeleman, Sheperd S. Eatough, Ralph P. Falcke, Heino Farah, Joseph Fish, Vincent L. Fomalont, Ed Ford, H. Alyson Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Freeman, William T. Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Fuentes, Antonio Galison, Peter Gammie, Charles F. Garcia, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Georgiev, Boris Gold, Roman Gomez-Ruiz, Arturo, I Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark Hada, Kazuhiro Haggard, Daryl Hecht, Michael H. Hesper, Ronald Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Inoue, Makoto Issaoun, Sara James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Jeter, Britton Jiang, Wu Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra Johnson, Michael D. Jorstad, Svetlana Jung, Taehyun Karami, Mansour Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, Mark Kim, Dong-Jin Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Junhan Kino, Motoki Koay, Jun Yi Kofuji, Yutaro Koch, Patrick M. Koyama, Shoko Kramer, Michael Kramer, Carsten Kuo, Cheng-Yu Lauer, Tod R. Lee, Sang-Sung Levis, Aviad Li, Yan-Rong Li, Zhiyuan Lindqvist, Michael Lindahl, Greg Liu, Jun Liu, Kuo Liuzzo, Elisabetta Lo, Wen-Ping Lobanov, Andrei P. Loinard, Laurent Lonsdale, Colin Lu, Ru-Sen MacDonald, Nicholas R. Mao, Jirong Marchili, Nicola Markoff, Sera Marscher, Alan P. Matsushita, Satoki Medeiros, Lia Menten, Karl M. Mizuno, Izumi Mizuno, Yosuke Moran, James M. Moriyama, Kotaro Muller, Cornelia Musoke, Gibwa Mejias, Alejandro Mus Nagar, Neil M. Nakamura, Masanori Narayan, Ramesh Narayanan, Gopal Natarajan, Iniyan Neilsen, Joey Neri, Roberto Ni, Chunchong Noutsos, Aristeidis Nowak, Michael A. Okino, Hiroki Olivares, Hector Ortiz-Leon, Gisela N. Oyama, Tomoaki Ozel, Feryal Palumbo, Daniel C. M. Park, Jongho Patel, Nimesh Pen, Ue-Li Pesce, Dominic W. Pietu, Vincent Plambeck, Richard PopStefanija, Aleksandar Porth, Oliver Poetzl, Felix M. Prather, Ben Preciado-Lopez, Jorge A. Psaltis, Dimitrios Pu, Hung-Yi Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh Rao, Ramprasad Rawlings, Mark G. Raymond, Alexander W. Rezzolla, Luciano Ripperda, Bart Roelofs, Freek Rogers, Alan Rose, Mel Roshanineshat, Arash Rottmann, Helge Roy, Alan L. Ruszczyk, Chet Rygl, Kazi L. J. Sanchez, Salvador Sanchez-Arguelles, David Sasada, Mahito Savolainen, Tuomas Schloerb, F. Peter Schuster, Karl-Friedrich Shao, Lijing Shen, Zhiqiang Small, Des Sohn, Bong Won SooHoo, Jason Sun, He Tazaki, Fumie Tetarenko, Alexandra J. Tiede, Paul Tilanus, Remo P. J. Titus, Michael Toma, Kenji Torne, Pablo Trent, Tyler Traianou, Efthalia Trippe, Sascha van Bemmel, Ilse van Langevelde, Huib Jan van Rossum, Daniel R. Wagner, Jan Ward-Thompson, Derek Wardle, John Weintroub, Jonathan Wex, Norbert Wharton, Robert Wielgus, Maciek Wong, George N. Wu, Qingwen Yoon, Doosoo Young, Andre Young, Ken Yuan, Feng Yuan, Ye-Fei Zensus, J. Anton Zhao, Guang-Yao Zhao, Shan-Shan Bruni, Gabriele Gopakumar, A. Hernandez-Gomez, Antonio Herrero-Illana, Ruben Ingram, Adam Komossa, S. Kovalev, Y. Y. Muders, Dirk Perucho, Manel Rosch, Florian Valtonen, Mauri |
| Affiliation | Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Inst Math Astrophys & Particle Phys IMAPP, Dept Astrophys, POB 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ Allegro, POB 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands Univ Valencia, Dept Astron & Astrofis, C Dr Moliner 50, E-46100 Valencia, Spain Univ Valencia, Observ Astron, C Catedrat Jose Beltran 2, E-46980 Valencia, Spain Joint ALMA Observ, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura 7630355, Santiago De Chi, Chile Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 645 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA Perimeter Inst Theoret Phys, 31 Caroline St North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada Univ Waterloo, Dept Phys & Astron, 200 Univ Ave West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada Univ Waterloo, Waterloo Ctr Astrophys, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA Univ Arizona, Dept Astron, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA Natl Astron Observ Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan Grad Univ Adv Studies SOKENDAI, Dept Astron Sci, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 2211, Japan Univ Malaya, Fac Sci, Dept Phys, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 11F Astron Math Bldg,AS NTU 1,Sec 4,Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan MIT, Haystack Observ, 99 Millstone Rd, Westford, MA 01886 USA CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, Glorieta Astron S-N, E-18008 Granada, Spain Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany Univ Wurzburg, Inst Theoret Phys & Astrophys, Emil Fischer Str 31, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Inst Theoret Phys, Max von Laue Str 1, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany Natl & Kapodistrian Univ Athens, Dept Phys, GR-15783 Zografos, Greece Harvard Univ, Black Hole Initiat, 20 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA Harvard & Smithsonian, Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA Univ Coll London, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England Natl Radio Astron Observ, 520 Edgemont Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA Flatiron Inst, Ctr Computat Astrophys, 162 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10010 USA Yale Ctr Astron & Astrophys, 52 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT 06511 USA Yale Univ, Dept Phys, POB 2018120, New Haven, CT 06520 USA Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, MS209,POB 500, Batavia, MS 60510 USA Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA Nederlandse Onderzoeksch Astron NOVA, POB 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands CALTECH, 1200 East Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA McGill Univ, Dept Phys, 3600 Rue Univ, Montreal, PQ H3A 2T8, Canada McGill Univ, McGill Space Inst, 3600 Rue Univ, Montreal, PQ H3A 2A7, Canada Inst Radioastron Millimetr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst, Daedeok Daero 776, Daejeon 34055, South Korea Univ Sci & Technol, Gajeong Ro 217, Daejeon 34113, South Korea Univ Chicago, Kavli Inst Cosmol Phys, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, 5720 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Princeton Univ, Princeton Ctr Theoret Sci, Jadwin Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA Univ Arizona, Data Sci Inst, 1230 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA Cornell Univ, Cornell Ctr Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA Univ Amsterdam, Anton Pannekoek Inst Astron, Sci Pk 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Astron Observ, 80 Nandan Rd, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Radio Astron, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China Fairfield Univ, Phys Dept, 1073 North Benson Rd, Fairfield, CT 06824 USA Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Space Earth & Environm, Onsala Space Observ, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden Natl Astron Observ Japan, Mizusawa VLBI Observ, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Oshu, Iwate 0230861, Japan Columbia Univ, Dept Astron, 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Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, 32-D476,77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA Google Res, 355 Main St, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA Harvard Univ, Dept Hist Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, 1110 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA Univ Illinois, Dept Astron, 1002 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA Univ Southern Denmark, CP3 Origins, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark Inst Nacl Astrofis Opt & Electr, Apartado Postal 51 & 216, Puebla 72000, Pue, Mexico Consejo Nacl Ciencia & Technol, Av Insurgentes Sur 1582, Ciudad De Mexico 03940, Mexico Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Res Galaxies & Cosmol, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China Univ Groningen, Kapteyn Astron Inst, NOVA Sub Mm Instrumentat Grp, Landleven 12, NL-9747 AD Groningen, Netherlands Peking Univ, Sch Phys, Dept Astron, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China Peking Univ, Kavli Inst Astron & Astrophys, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Astron, 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Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 7398526, Japan Aalto Univ, Dept Elect & Nanoengn, PL 15500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland Aalto Univ, Metsahovi Radio Observ, Metsahovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmala, Finland Yonsei Univ, Dept Astron, Yonsei Ro 50, Seoul 03722, South Korea Netherlands Org Sci Res NWO, Postbus 93138, NL-2509 AC The Hague, Netherlands Tohoku Univ, Frontier Res Inst Interdisciplinary Sci, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan Tohoku Univ, Astron Inst, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Seoul 08826, South Korea Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ, Postbus 2300, NL-9513 RA Leiden, Netherlands Univ Cent Lancashire, Jeremiah Horrocks Inst, Preston PR1 2HE, Lancs, England Brandeis Univ, Phys Dept, 415 South St, Waltham, MA 02453 USA Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Phys, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, Peoples R China Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Sch Astron & Space Sci, 19A Yuquan Rd, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China Univ Sci & Technol China, Astron Dept, Hefei 230026, Anhui, Peoples R China INAF Ist Astrofis & Planetol Spaziali, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Rome, Italy Tata Inst Fundamental Res, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Mumbai 400005, Maharashtra, India European Southern Observ ESO, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura 19001, Santiago De Chi, Chile Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Astrophys, Denys Wilkinson Bldg,Keble Rd, Oxford OX1 3RH, England Lebedev Phys Inst, Astro Space Ctr, Profsoyuznaya 84-32, Moscow 117997, Russia Moscow Inst Phys & Technol, Inst Sky Per 9, Dolgoprudnyi 141700, Russia ESO FINCA, Finnish Ctr Astron, Quantum, Vesilinnantie 5, FI-20014 Turun, Finland |
| Issue Date | Mar-2021 |
| Publisher | ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS |
| Abstract | We present the results from a full polarization study carried out with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) during the first Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) campaign, which was conducted in 2017 April in the lambda 3 mm and lambda 1.3 mm bands, in concert with the Global mm-VLBI Array (GMVA) and the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), respectively. We determine the polarization and Faraday properties of all VLBI targets, including Sgr A*, M87, and a dozen radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGNs), in the two bands at several epochs in a time window of 10 days. We detect high linear polarization fractions (2%-15%) and large rotation measures (RM > 10(3.3)-10(5.5) rad m(-2)), confirming the trends of previous AGN studies at millimeter wavelengths. We find that blazars are more strongly polarized than other AGNs in the sample, while exhibiting (on average) order-of-magnitude lower RM values, consistent with the AGN viewing angle unification scheme. For Sgr A* we report a mean RM of (-4.2 0.3) x 10(5) rad m(-2) at 1.3 mm, consistent with measurements over the past decade and, for the first time, an RM of (-2.1 0.1) x 10(5) rad m(-2) at 3 mm, suggesting that about half of the Faraday rotation at 1.3 mm may occur between the 3 mm photosphere and the 1.3 mm source. We also report the first unambiguous measurement of RM toward the M87 nucleus at millimeter wavelengths, which undergoes significant changes in magnitude and sign reversals on a one year timescale, spanning the range from -1.2 to 0.3 x 10(5) rad m(-2) at 3 mm and -4.1 to 1.5 x 10(5) rad m(-2) at 1.3 mm. Given this time variability, we argue that, unlike the case of Sgr A*, the RM in M87 does not provide an accurate estimate of the mass accretion rate onto the black hole. We put forward a two-component model, comprised of a variable compact region and a static extended region, that can simultaneously explain the polarimetric properties observed by both the EHT (on horizon scales) and ALMA (which observes the combined emission from both components). These measurements provide critical constraints for the calibration, analysis, and interpretation of simultaneously obtained VLBI data with the EHT and GMVA. |
| URI | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11897/609496 |
| ISSN | 2041-8205 |
| DOI | 10.3847/2041-8213/abee6a |
| Indexed | SCI(E) |
| Appears in Collections: | 物理学院 科维理天文与天体物理研究所 |
