Title | Monitoring the Morphology of M87*in 2009-2017 with the Event Horizon Telescope |
Authors | Wielgus, Maciek Akiyama, Kazunori Blackburn, Lindy Chan, Chi-kwan Dexter, Jason Doeleman, Sheperd S. Fish, Vincent L. Issaoun, Sara Johnson, Michael D. Krichbaum, Thomas P. Lu, Ru-Sen Pesce, Dominic W. Wong, George N. Bower, Geoffrey C. Broderick, Avery E. Chael, Andrew Chatterjee, Koushik Gammie, Charles F. Georgiev, Boris Hada, Kazuhiro Loinard, Laurent Markoff, Sera Marrone, Daniel P. Plambeck, Richard Weintroub, Jonathan Dexter, Matthew MacMahon, David H. E. Wright, Melvyn Alberdi, Antxon Alef, Walter Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Ball, David Balokovic, Mislav Barausse, Enrico Barrett, John Bintley, Dan Boland, Wilfred Bouman, Katherine L. Bremer, Michael Brinkerink, Christiaan D. Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Byun, Do-Young Carlstrom, John E. Chatterjee, Shami Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conway, John E. Cordes, James M. Crew, Geoffrey B. Cui, Yuzhu Davelaar, Jordy Laurentis, Mariafelicia De Deane, Roger Dempsey, Jessica Desvignes, Gregory Dzib, Sergio A. Eatough, Ralph P. Falcke, Heino Fomalont, Ed Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Galison, Peter Garcia, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Goddi, Ciriaco Gold, Roman Gomez, Jose L. Gomez-Ruiz, Arturo I. Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark Hecht, Michael H. Hesper, Ronald Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Inoue, Makoto James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Janssen, Michael Jeter, Britton Jiang, Wu Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra Jorstad, Svetlana Jung, Taehyun Karami, Mansour Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, Mark Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Junhan Kim, Jongsoo Kino, Motoki Koay, Jun Yi Koch, Patrick M. Koyama, Shoko Kramer, Michael Kramer, Carsten Kuo, Cheng-Yu Lauer, Tod R. Lee, Sang-Sung Li, Yan-Rong Li, Zhiyuan Lindqvist, Michael Lico, Rocco Liu, Kuo Liuzzo, Elisabetta Lo, Wen-Ping Lobanov, Andrei P. Lonsdale, Colin MacDonald, Nicholas R. Mao, Jirong Marchili, Nicola Marscher, Alan P. Marti-Vidal, Ivan Matsushita, Satoki Matthews, Lynn D. Medeiros, Lia Menten, Karl M. Mizuno, Yosuke Mizuno, Izumi Moran, James M. Moriyama, Kotaro Moscibrodzka, Monika Mueller, Cornelia Musoke, Gibwa Nagai, Hiroshi Nagar, Neil M. Nakamura, Masanori Narayan, Ramesh Narayanan, Gopal Natarajan, Iniyan Nathanail, Antonios Neri, Roberto Ni, Chunchong Noutsos, Aristeidis Okino, Hiroki Olivares, Hector Ortiz-Leon, Gisela N. Oyama, Tomoaki Ozel, Feryal Palumbo, Daniel C. M. Park, Jongho Patel, Nimesh Pen, Ue-Li Pietu, Vincent PopStefanija, Aleksandar Porth, Oliver Prather, Ben Preciado-Lopez, Jorge A. Psaltis, Dimitrios Pu, Hung-Yi Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh Rao, Ramprasad Rawlings, Mark G. Raymond, Alexander W. Rezzolla, Luciano Ripperda, Bart Roelofs, Freek Rogers, Alan Ros, Eduardo Rose, Mel Roshanineshat, Arash Rottmann, Helge Roy, Alan L. Ruszczyk, Chet Ryan, Benjamin R. Rygl, Kazi L. J. Sanchez, Salvador Sanchez-Arguelles, David Sasada, Mahito Savolainen, Tuomas Schloerb, F. Peter Schuster, Karl-Friedrich Shao, Lijing Shen, Zhiqiang Small, Des Sohn, Bong Won SooHoo, Jason Tazaki, Fumie Tiede, Paul Tilanus, Remo P. J. Titus, Michael Toma, Kenji Torne, Pablo Trent, Tyler Traianou, Efthalia Trippe, Sascha Tsuda, Shuichiro Bemmel, Ilse van van Langevelde, Huib Jan van Rossum, Daniel R. Wagner, Jan Wardle, John Ward-Thompson, Derek Wex, Norbert Wharton, Robert Wu, Qingwen Yoon, Doosoo Young, Andre Young, Ken Younsi, Ziri Yuan, Feng Yuan, Ye-Fei Zensus, J. Anton Zhao, Guangyao Zhao, Shan-Shan Zhu, Ziyan |
Affiliation | Harvard Univ, Black Hole Initiat, 20 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA Natl Radio Astron Observ, 520 Edgemont Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA MIT, Haystack Observ, 99 Millstone Rd, Westford, MA 01886 USA Natl Astron Observ Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA Univ Arizona, Dept Astron, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA Univ Arizona, Data Sci Inst, 1230 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Inst Math Astrophys & Particle Phys IMAPP, Dept Astrophys, POB 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Astron Observ, 80 Nandan Rd, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, 1110 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA Los Alamos Natl Lab, CCS 2, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 645 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA Perimeter Inst Theoret Phys, 31 Caroline St North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada Univ Waterloo, Dept Phys & Astron, 200 Univ Ave West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada Univ Waterloo, Waterloo Ctr Astrophys, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada Princeton Univ, Princeton Ctr Theoret Sci, Jadwin Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA Univ Amsterdam, Anton Pannekoek Inst Astron, Sci Pk 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands Univ Illinois, Dept Astron, 1002 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA Natl Astron Observ Japan, Mizusawa VLBI Observ, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Iwate 0230861, Japan Grad Univ Adv Studies SOKENDAI, Dept Astron Sci, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Radioastron & Astrofis, Morelia 58089, Michoacan, Mexico Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Astron, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico Univ Amsterdam, Gravitat Astroparticle Phys Amsterdam GRAPPA Inst, Sci Pk 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands Univ Calif Berkeley, Radio Astron Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Inst Astrofis Andalucia CSIC, Glorieta Astron S-N, E-18008 Granada, Spain Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 11F Astron Math Bldg,AS NTU 1,Sect 4,Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan Univ Valencia, Dept Astron & Astrofis, C Dr Moliner 50, E-46100 Valencia, Spain Univ Valencia, Observ Astron, C Catedrat Jose Beltran 2, E-46980 Valencia, Spain SISSA, Via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy INFN Sez Trieste, Trieste, Italy IFPU Inst Fundamental Phys Univers, Via Beirut 2, I-34014 Trieste, Italy East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA Nederlandse Onderzoekschool Astron NOVA, POB 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands CALTECH, 1200 East Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA Inst Radioastron Millimetr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst, Daedeok Daero 776, Daejeon 34055, South Korea Univ Sci & Technol, Gajeong Ro 217, Daejeon 34113, South Korea Univ Chicago, Kavli Inst Cosmol Phys, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, 5720 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Cornell Univ, Cornell Ctr Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Radio Astron, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China Chalmers Univ Technol, Onsala Space Observ, Dept Space Earth & Environm, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden Compl Univ Monte S Angelo, Univ Napoli Federico II, Compl Univ Monte S Angelo, Dipartimento Fis E Pancini, Edificio G,Via Cinthia, I-80126 Naples, Italy Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Inst Theoret Phys, Max Von Laue Str 1, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany Compl Univ Monte S Angelo, INFN Sez Napoli, Edificio G,Via Cinthia, I-80126 Naples, Italy Univ Pretoria, Dept Phys, Lynnwood Rd, 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Keywords | SUPERMASSIVE BLACK-HOLE ACCRETION VARIABILITY SIMULATIONS KINEMATICS MODEL M87 |
Issue Date | Sep-2020 |
Publisher | ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL |
Abstract | The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) has recently delivered the first resolved images of M87*, the supermassive black hole in the center of the M87 galaxy. These images were produced using 230 GHz observations performed in 2017 April. Additional observations are required to investigate the persistence of the primary image feature-a ring with azimuthal brightness asymmetry-and to quantify the image variability on event horizon scales. To address this need, we analyze M87* data collected with prototype EHT arrays in 2009, 2011, 2012, and 2013. While these observations do not contain enough information to produce images, they are sufficient to constrain simple geometric models. We develop a modeling approach based on the framework utilized for the 2017 EHT data analysis and validate our procedures using synthetic data. Applying the same approach to the observational data sets, we find the M87* morphology in 2009-2017 to be consistent with a persistent asymmetric ring of similar to 40 mu as diameter. The position angle of the peak intensity varies in time. In particular, we find a significant difference between the position angle measured in 2013 and 2017. These variations are in broad agreement with predictions of a subset of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations. We show that quantifying the variability across multiple observational epochs has the potential to constrain the physical properties of the source, such as the accretion state or the black hole spin. |
URI | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11897/592533 |
ISSN | 0004-637X |
DOI | 10.3847/1538-4357/abac0d |
Indexed | SCI(E) |
Appears in Collections: | 物理学院 科维理天文与天体物理研究所 |