| Title | Gravitational Test beyond the First Post-Newtonian Order with the Shadow of the M87 Black Hole |
| Authors | Psaltis, Dimitrios Medeiros, Lia Christian, Pierre Ozel, Feryal Akiyama, Kazunori Alberdi, Antxon Alef, Walter Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Ball, David Balokovic, Mislav Barrett, John Bintley, Dan Blackburn, Lindy Boland, Wilfred Bower, Geoffrey C. Bremer, Michael Brinkerink, Christiaan D. Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Byun, Young Carlstrom, John E. Chael, Andrew Chan, Chi-kwan Chatterjee, Shami Chatterjee, Koushik Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Cho, Ilje Conway, John E. Cordes, James M. Crew, Geoffrey B. Cui, Yuzhu Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Dempsey, Jessica Desvignes, Gregory Dexter, Jason Eatough, Ralph P. Falcke, Heino Fish, Vincent L. Fomalont, Ed Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Gammie, Charles F. Garcia, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Goddi, Ciriaco Gomez, Jose L. Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark Hada, Kazuhiro Hesper, Ronald Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Inoue, Makoto Issaoun, Sara James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Janssen, Michael Jiang, Wu Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra Johnson, Michael D. Jorstad, Svetlana Jung, Taehyun Karami, Mansour Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, Mark Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Junhan Kim, Jongsoo Kino, Motoki Koay, Jun Yi Koch, Patrick M. Koyama, Shoko Kramer, Michael Kramer, Carsten Krichbaum, Thomas P. Kuo, Cheng-Yu Lauer, Tod R. Lee, Sang-Sung Li, Yan-Rong Li, Zhiyuan Lindqvist, Michael Lico, Rocco Liu, Jun Liu, Kuo Liuzzo, Elisabetta Lo, Wen-Ping Lobanov, Andrei P. Lonsdale, Colin Lu, Ru-Sen Mao, Jirong Markoff, Sera Marrone, Daniel P. Marscher, Alan P. Marti-Vidal, Ivan Matsushita, Satoki Mizuno, Yosuke Mizuno, Izumi Moran, James M. Moriyama, Kotaro Moscibrodzka, Monika Muller, Cornelia Musoke, Gibwa Mejias, Alejandro Mus Nagai, Hiroshi Nagar, Neil M. Narayan, Ramesh Narayanan, Gopal Natarajan, Iniyan Neri, Roberto Noutsos, Aristeidis Okino, Hiroki Olivares, Hector Oyama, Tomoaki Palumbo, Daniel C. M. Park, Jongho Patel, Nimesh Pen, Ue-Li Pietu, Vincent Plambeck, Richard PopStefanija, Aleksandar Ben Prather Preciado-Lopez, Jorge A. Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh Rao, Ramprasad Rawlings, Mark G. Raymond, Alexander W. Ripperda, Bart Roelofs, Freek Rogers, Alan Ros, Eduardo Rose, Mel Roshanineshat, Arash Rottmann, Helge Roy, Alan L. Ruszczyk, Chet Ryan, Benjamin R. Rygl, Kazi L. J. Sanchez, Salvador Sanchez-Arguelles, David Sasada, Mahito Savolainen, Tuomas Schloerb, F. Peter Schuster, Karl-Friedrich Shao, Lijing Shen, Zhiqiang Small, Des Sohn, Bong Won SooHoo, Jason Tazaki, Fumie Tilanus, Remo P. J. Titus, Michael Torne, Pablo Trent, Tyler Traianou, Efthalia Trippe, Sascha van Bemmel, Ilse van Langevelde, Huib Jan van Rossum, Daniel R. Wagner, Jan Wardle, John Ward-Thompson, Derek Weintroub, Jonathan Wex, Norbert Wharton, Robert Wielgus, Maciek Wong, George N. Wu, Qingwen Yoon, Doosoo Young, Andre Young, Ken Younsi, Ziri Yuan, Feng Yuan, Ye-Fei Zhao, Shan-Shan |
| Affiliation | Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, 933 North Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA Univ Arizona, Dept Astron, 933 North Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA Inst Adv Study, Sch Nat Sci, 1 Einstein Dr, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA Natl Radio Astron Observ, 520 Edgemt Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA MIT, Haystack Observ, 99 Millstone Rd, Westford, MA 01886 USA Natl Astron Observ Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan Harvard Univ, Black Hole Initiat, 20 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, Glorieta Astron S-N, E-18008 Granada, Spain Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 11F Astron Math Bldg,AS NTU 1,Sec 4,Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan Univ Valencia, Dept Astron & Astrofis, C Dr Moliner 50, E-46100 Valencia, Spain Univ Valencia, Observ Astron & Astrofis, C Catedrat Jose Beltran 2, E-46980 Valencia, Spain Harvard & Smithsonian, Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA East Asian Observ, 660 North Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA Nederlandse Onderzoeksch Astron NOVA, POB 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 645 North Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA Inst Radioastron Millimetrique, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Inst Math Astrophys & Particle Phys IMAPP, Dept Astrophys, POB 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst, Daedeok Daero 776, Daejeon 34055, South Korea Univ Sci & Technol, Gajeong Ro 217, Daejeon 34113, South Korea Univ Chicago, Kavli Inst Cosmol Phys, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, 5720 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Princeton Univ, Princeton Ctr Theoret Sci, Jadwin Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA Univ Arizona, Data Sci Inst, 1230 North Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA Cornell Univ, Cornell Ctr Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA Univ Amsterdam, Anton Pannekoek Inst Astron, Sci Pk 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Astron Observ, 80 Nandan Rd, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Radio Astron, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Space Earth & Environm, Onsala Space Observ, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden Natl Astron Observ Japan, Mizusawa VLBI Observ, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Oshu, Iwate 0230861, Japan Grad Univ Adv Studies SOKENDAI, Dept Astron Sci, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan Univ Napoli Federico II, Compl Univ Monte S Angelo, Dipartimento Fis E Pancini, Edificio G,Via Cinthia, I-80126 Naples, Italy Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Inst Theoret Phys, Max Von Laue Str 1, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany Univ Monte SantAngelo, Sez Napoli, Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Edificio G,Via Cinthia, I-80126 Naples, Italy Univ Pretoria, Dept Phys, Lynnwood Rd, ZA-0083 Pretoria, South Africa Rhodes Univ, Ctr Radio Astron Tech & Technol, Dept Phys & Elect, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa Univ Paris, Sorbonne Univ, Univ PSL, Observ Paris,CNRS, 5 Pl Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, 1110 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA Univ Illinois, Dept Astron, 1002 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ Allegro, POB 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Res Galaxies & Cosmol, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China Univ Groningen, Kapteyn Astron Inst, NOVA Sub Mm Instrumentat Grp, Landleven 12, NL-9747 AD Groningen, Netherlands Peking Univ, Sch Phys, Dept Astron, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China Peking Univ, Kavli Inst Astron & Astrophys, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Astron, Bunkyo Ku, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan Inst Nacl Astrofis Opt & Electr, Apartado Postal 51 & 216, Puebla 72000, Puebla, Mexico Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, Giessenbachstr 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany Boston Univ, Inst Astrophys Res, 725 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA St Petersburg Univ, Astron Inst, Univ Skij Pr 28, St Petersburg 198504, Russia Perimeter Inst Theoret Phys, 31 Caroline St North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada Univ Waterloo, Dept Phys & Astron, 200 Univ Ave West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada Joint Inst VLBI ERIC JIVE, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, NL-7991 PD Dwingeloo, Netherlands CALTECH, 1200 East Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA Kogakuin Univ Technol & Engn, Acad Support Ctr, 2665-1 Nakano, Hachioji, Tokyo 1920015, Japan Natl Sun Yat Sen Univ, Phys Dept, 70 Lien Hai Rd, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan NSFs Natl Opt Infrared Astron Res Lab, 950 North Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA Chinese Acad Sci, Inst High Energy Phys, Key Lab Particle Astrophys, 19B Yuquan Rd, Beijing, Peoples R China Nanjing Univ, Sch Astron & Space Sci, Nanjing 210023, Peoples R China Nanjing Univ, Key Lab Modern Astron & Astrophys, Nanjing 210023, Peoples R China INAF Ist Radioastron, Italian Alma Reg Ctr, Via P Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Phys, 1,Sect 4,Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan Chinese Acad Sci, Yunnan Observ, Kunming 650011, Yunnan, Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Astron Megasci, 20A Datun Rd, Beijing 100012, Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Struct & Evolut Celestial Objects, Kunming 650011, Yunnan, Peoples R China Univ Amsterdam, Gravitat Astroparticle Phys Amsterdam GRAPPA Inst, Sci Pk 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Tsung Dao Lee Inst, Shanghai 200240, Peoples R China Univ Concepcion, Astron Dept, Casilla 160-C, Concepcion, Chile Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA Univ Toronto, Canadian Inst Theoret Astrophys, 60 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada Univ Toronto, Dunlap Inst Astron & Astrophys, 50 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada Canadian Inst Adv Res, 180 Dundas St West, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8, Canada Univ Calif Berkeley, Radio Astron Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Princeton Univ, Dept Astrophys Sci, Peyton Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA Flatiron Inst, Ctr Computat Astrophys, 162 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10010 USA Los Alamos Natl Lab, CCS 2,POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Theoret Astrophys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA IRAM, Inst Radioastronom Milimetr, Ave Divina Pastora 7,Local 20, E-18012 Granada, Spain IRAM, Consejo Nacl Ciencia & Tecnol, Ave Insurgentes Sur 1582, Ciudad De Mexico 03940, Spain Hiroshima Univ, Hiroshima Astrophys Sci Ctr, 3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 7398526, Japan Aalto Univ, Dept Elect & Nanoengn, PL 15500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland Aalto Univ, Metsahovi Radio Observ, Metsahovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmala, Finland Yonsei Univ, Dept Astron, Yonsei Ro 50, Seoul 03722, South Korea Netherlands Org Sci Res NWO, Postbus 93138, NL-2509 AC The Hague, Netherlands Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Seoul 08826, South Korea Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ, Postbus 2300, NL-9513 RA Leiden, Netherlands Brandeis Univ, Phys Dept, 415 South St, Waltham, MA 02453 USA Univ Cent Lancashire, Jeremiah Horrocks Inst, Preston PR1 2HE, Lancs, England Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Phys, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, Peoples R China Univ Coll London, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Sch Astron & Space Sci, 19A Yuquan Rd, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China Univ Sci & Technol China, Astron Dept, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China |
| Issue Date | 1-Oct-2020 |
| Publisher | PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS |
| Abstract | The 2017 Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations of the central source in M87 have led to the first measurement of the size of a black-hole shadow. This observation offers a new and clean gravitational test of the black-hole metric in the strong-field regime. We show analytically that spacetimes that deviate from the Kerr metric but satisfy weak-field tests can lead to large deviations in the predicted black-hole shadows that are inconsistent with even the current EHT measurements. We use numerical calculations of regular, parametric, non-Kerr metrics to identify the common characteristic among these different parametrizations that control the predicted shadow size. We show that the shadow-size measurements place significant constraints on deviation parameters that control the second post-Newtonian and higher orders of each metric and are, therefore, inaccessible to weak-field tests. The new constraints are complementary to those imposed by observations of gravitational waves from stellar-mass sources. |
| URI | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11897/592418 |
| ISSN | 0031-9007 |
| DOI | 10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.141104 |
| Indexed | SCI(E) |
| Appears in Collections: | 物理学院 科维理天文与天体物理研究所 |
