| Title | Event Horizon Telescope imaging of the archetypal blazar 3C 279 at an extreme 20 microarcsecond resolution |
| Authors | Kim, Jae-Young Krichbaum, Thomas P. Broderick, Avery E. Wielgus, Maciek Blackburn, Lindy Gomez, Jose L. Johnson, Michael D. Bouman, Katherine L. Chael, Andrew Akiyama, Kazunori Jorstad, Svetlana Marscher, Alan P. Issaoun, Sara Janssen, Michael Chan, Chi-kwan Savolainen, Tuomas Pesce, Dominic W. Ozel, Feryal Alberdi, Antxon Alef, Walter Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Ball, David Balokovic, Mislav Barrett, John Bintley, Dan Boland, Wilfred Bower, Geoffrey C. Bremer, Michael Brinkerink, Christiaan D. Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Byun, Do-Young Carlstrom, John E. Chatterjee, Shami Chatterjee, Koushik Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conway, John E. Cordes, James M. Crew, Geoffrey B. Cui, Yuzhu Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Dempsey, Jessica Desvignes, Gregory Dexter, Jason Doeleman, Sheperd S. Eatough, Ralph P. Falcke, Heino Fish, Vincent L. Fomalont, Ed Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Galison, Peter Gammie, Charles F. Garcia, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Georgiev, Boris Goddi, Ciriaco Gold, Roman Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark Hada, Kazuhiro Hecht, Michael H. Hesper, Ronald Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Ikeda, Shiro Inoue, Makoto James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Jeter, Britton Jiang, Wu Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra Jung, Taehyun Karami, Mansour Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, Mark Kim, Junhan Kim, Jongsoo Kino, Motoki Koay, Jun Yi Koch, Patrick M. Koyama, Shoko Kramer, Michael Kramer, Carsten Kuo, Cheng-Yu Lauer, Tod R. Lee, Sang-Sung Li, Yan-Rong Li, Zhiyuan Lindqvist, Michael Lico, Rocco Liu, Kuo Liuzzo, Elisabetta Lo, Wen-Ping Lobanov, Andrei P. Loinard, Laurent Lonsdale, Colin Lu, Ru-Sen MacDonald, Nicholas R. Mao, Jirong Markoff, Sera Marrone, Daniel P. Marti-Vidal, Ivan Matsushita, Satoki Matthews, Lynn D. Medeiros, Lia Menten, Karl M. Mizuno, Yosuke Mizuno, Izumi Moran, James M. Moriyama, Kotaro Moscibrodzka, Monika Mueller, Cornelia Nagai, Hiroshi Nagar, Neil M. Nakamura, Masanori Narayan, Ramesh Narayanan, Gopal Natarajan, Iniyan Neri, Roberto Ni, Chunchong Noutsos, Aristeidis Okino, Hiroki Olivares, Hector Ortiz-Leon, Gisela N. Oyama, Tomoaki Palumbo, Daniel C. M. Park, Jongho Patel, Nimesh Pen, Ue-Li Pietu, Vincent Plambeck, Richard PopStefanija, Aleksandar Porth, Oliver Prather, Ben Preciado-Lopez, Jorge A. Psaltis, Dimitrios Pu, Hung-Yi Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh Rao, Ramprasad Rawlings, Mark G. Raymond, Alexander W. Rezzolla, Luciano Ripperda, Bart Roelofs, Freek Rogers, Alan Ros, Eduardo Rose, Mel Roshanineshat, Arash Rottmann, Helge Roy, Alan L. Ruszczyk, Chet Ryan, Benjamin R. Rygl, Kazi L. J. Sanchez, Salvador Sanchez-Arguelles, David Sasada, Mahito Schloerb, F. Peter Schuster, Karl-Friedrich Shao, Lijing Shen, Zhiqiang Small, Des Sohn, Bong Won SooHoo, Jason Tazaki, Fumie Tiede, Paul Tilanus, Remo P. J. Titus, Michael Toma, Kenji Torne, Pablo Trent, Tyler Traianou, Efthalia Trippe, Sascha Tsuda, Shuichiro van Bemmel, Ilse van Langevelde, Huib Jan van Rossum, Daniel R. Wagner, Jan Wardle, John Ward-Thompson, Derek Weintroub, Jonathan Wex, Norbert Wharton, Robert Wong, George N. Wu, Qingwen Yoon, Doosoo Young, Andre Young, Ken Younsi, Ziri Yuan, Feng Yuan, Ye-Fei Zensus, J. Anton Zhao, Guangyao Zhao, Shan-Shan Zhu, Ziyan Algaba, Juan-Carlos Allardi, Alexander Amestica, Rodrigo Anczarski, Jadyn Bach, Uwe Baganoff, Frederick K. Beaudoin, Christopher Benson, Bradford A. Berthold, Ryan Blanchard, Jay M. Blundell, Ray Bustamente, Sandra Cappallo, Roger Castillo-Dominguez, Edgar Chang, Chih-Cheng Chang, Shu-Hao Chang, Song-Chu Chen, Chung-Chen Chilson, Ryan Chuter, Tim C. Rosado, Rodrigo Cordova Coulson, Iain M. Crowley, Joseph Derome, Mark Dexter, Matthew Dornbusch, Sven Dudevoir, Kevin A. Dzib, Sergio A. Eckart, Andreas Eckert, Chris Erickson, Neal R. Everett, Wendeline B. Faber, Aaron Farah, Joseph R. Fath, Vernon Folkers, Thomas W. Forbes, David C. Freund, Robert Gomez-Ruiz, Arturo, I Gale, David M. Gao, Feng Geertsema, Gertie Graham, David A. Greer, Christopher H. Grosslein, Ronald Gueth, Frederic Haggard, Daryl Halverson, Nils W. Han, Chih-Chiang Han, Kuo-Chang Hao, Jinchi Hasegawa, Yutaka Henning, Jason W. Hernandez-Gomez, Antonio Herrero-Illana, Ruben Heyminck, Stefan Hirota, Akihiko Hoge, James Huang, Yau-De Impellizzeri, C. M. Violette Jiang, Homin John, David Kamble, Atish Keisler, Ryan Kimura, Kimihiro Kono, Yusuke Kubo, Derek Kuroda, John Lacasse, Richard Laing, Robert A. Leitch, Erik M. Li, Chao-Te Lin, Lupin C-C Liu, Ching-Tang Liu, Kuan-Yu Lu, Li-Ming Marson, Ralph G. Martin-Cocher, Pierre L. Massingill, Kyle D. Matulonis, Callie McColl, Martin P. McWhirter, Stephen R. Messias, Hugo Meyer-Zhao, Zheng Michalik, Daniel Montana, Alfredo Montgomerie, William Mora-Klein, Matias Muders, Dirk Nadolski, Andrew Navarro, Santiago Neilsen, Joseph Nguyen, Chi H. Nishioka, Hiroaki Norton, Timothy Nowak, Michael A. Nystrom, George Ogawa, Hideo Oshiro, Peter Oyama, Tomoaki Parsons, Harriet Penalver, Juan Phillips, Neil M. Poirier, Michael Pradel, Nicolas Primiani, Rurik A. Raffin, Philippe A. Rahlin, Alexandra S. Reiland, George Risacher, Christopher Ruiz, Ignacio Saez-Madain, Alejandro F. Sassella, Remi Schellart, Pim Shaw, Paul Silva, Kevin M. Shiokawa, Hotaka Smith, David R. Snow, William Souccar, Kamal Sousa, Don Sridharan, T. K. Srinivasan, Ranjani Stahm, William Stark, Antony A. Story, Kyle Timmer, Sjoerd T. Vertatschitsch, Laura Walther, Craig Wei, Ta-Shun Whitehorn, Nathan Whitney, Alan R. Woody, David P. Wouterloot, Jan G. A. Wright, Melvin Yamaguchi, Paul Yu, Chen-Yu Zeballos, Milagros Zhang, Shuo Ziurys, Lucy |
| Affiliation | Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany Perimeter Inst Theoret Phys, 31 Caroline St North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada Univ Waterloo, Dept Phys & Astron, 200 Univ Ave West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada Univ Waterloo, Waterloo Ctr Astrophys, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada Harvard Univ, Black Hole Initiat, 20 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA Harvard & Smithsonian, Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, Glorieta Astron S-N, Granada 18008, Spain CALTECH, 1200 East Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA Princeton Univ, Princeton Ctr Theoret Sci, Jadwin Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA NASA Hubble Fellowship Program, Baltimore, MD USA Natl Radio Astron Observ, 520 Edgemont Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA MIT, Haystack Observ, 99 Millstone Rd, Westford, MA 01886 USA Natl Astron Observ Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan Boston Univ, Inst Astrophys Res, 725 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA St Petersburg Univ, Astron Inst, Univ Skij Pr 28, St Petersburg 198504, Russia Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Inst Math Astrophys & Particle Phys IMAPP, Dept Astrophys, POB 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA Univ Arizona, Dept Astron, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA Univ Arizona, Data Sci Inst, 1230 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA Aalto Univ, Dept Elect & Nanoengn, PL 15500, Aalto 00076, Finland Aalto Univ, Metsahovi Radio Observ, Metshovintie 114, Kylmala 02540, Finland Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 11F Astron Math Bldg,AS NTU 1,Sec 4,Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan Univ Valencia, Dept Astron & Astrofis, C Dr Moliner 50, Valencia 46100, Spain Univ Valencia, Observ Astron, C Catedrat Jose Beltran 2, Valencia 46980, Spain East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA Nederlandse Onderzoeksch Astron NOVA, POB 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 645 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA Inst Radioastron Millometr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst, Daedeok Daero 776, Daejeon 34055, South Korea Univ Sci & Technol, Gajeong Ro 217, Daejeon 34113, South Korea Univ Chicago, Kavli Inst Cosmol Phys, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, 5720 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Cornell Univ, Cornell Ctr Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA Univ Amsterdam, Anton Pannekoek Inst Astron, Sci Pk 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Astron Observ, 80 Nandan Rd, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Radio Astron, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Space Earth & Environm, Onsala Space Observ, S-43992 Onsala, Sweden Natl Astron Observ Japan, Mizusawa VLBI Observ, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Oshu, Iwate 0230861, Japan Grad Univ Adv Studies SOKENDAI, Dept Astron Sci, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan Univ Napoli Federico II, Compl Univ Monte S Angelo, Dipartimento Fis E Pancini, Edificio G,Via Cinthia, I-80126 Naples, Italy Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Inst Theoret Phys, Max von Laue Str 1, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany Compl Univ Monte S Angelo, Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Napoli, Edificio G,Via Cinthia, I-80126 Naples, Italy Univ Pretoria, Dept Phys, Lynnwood Rd, ZA-0083 Pretoria, South Africa Rhodes Univ, Ctr Radio Astron Tech & Technol, Dept Phys & Elect, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa Univ Paris, Observ Paris, Sorbonne Univ, CNRS,LESIA,Univ PSL, 5 Pl Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA Harvard Univ, Dept Hist Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, 1110 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA Univ Illinois, Dept Astron, 1002 West 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Yunnan, Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Astron Megasci, 20A Datun Rd, Beijing 100012, Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Struct & Evolut Celestial Objects, Kunming 650011, Yunnan, Peoples R China Univ Amsterdam, Gravitat Astroparticle Phys Amsterdam GRAPPA Inst, Sci Pk 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands Inst Adv Study, Sch Nat Sci, 1 Einstein Dr, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA Univ Concepcion, Astron Dept, Casilla 160-C, Concepcion, Chile Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Astron, Bunkyo Ku, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan Univ Toronto, Canadian Inst Theoret Astrophys, 60 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada Univ Toronto, Dunlap Inst Astron & Astrophys, 50 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada Canadian Inst Adv Res, 180 Dundas St West, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8, Canada Univ Calif Berkeley, Radio Astron Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Princeton Univ, Dept Astrophys Sci, Peyton Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA Flatiron Inst, Ctr 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D-50937 Cologne, Germany Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, CASA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA Western Univ, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada Univ Massachusetts Boston, 100 William T,Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA 02125 USA Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, Res & Dev Weather & Climate Models, Utrechtseweg 297, NL-3731 GA De Bilt, Netherlands McGill Univ, Dept Phys, 3600 Univ St, Montreal, PQ H3A 2T8, Canada McGill Univ, McGill Space Inst, 3550 Univ St, Montreal, PQ H3A 2A7, Canada Canadian Inst Adv Res, CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar Grav & Extreme Unive, 661 Univ Ave,Suite 505, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA Osaka Prefecture Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Phys Sci, Naka Ku, Sakai, Osaka 5998531, Japan Argonne Natl Lab, High Energy Phys Div, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA European Southern Observ, Alonso de Cordova 3107,Casilla 19001, Santiago, Chile CSIC, Inst Space Sci ICE, Campus UAB, Barcelona 08193, Spain ASIAA Hilo Off, 645 N Aohoku Pl,Univ Pk, Hilo, HI 96720 USA Jodrell Bank Observ, Sq Kilometre Array Org, Macclesfield SK11 9DL, Cheshire, England Ulsan Natl Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Ulsan 44919, South Korea Natl Radio Astron Observ, POB O, Socorro, NM 87801 USA Joint ALMA Observ, Alonso de Cordova 3107,Vitacura 763-0355, Santiago, Chile ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, NL-7991 PD Dwingeloo, Netherlands European Space Res & Technol Ctr ESA ESTEC, Directorate Sci, Sci Support Off, Keplerlaan 1, NL-2201 AZ Noordwijk, Netherlands Univ Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Rochester Inst Technol, Sch Phys & Astron, Ctr Detectors, 1 Lomb Mem Dr, Rochester, NY 14623 USA Washington Univ, Phys Dept, CB 1105,One Brookings Dr, St Louis, MO 63130 USA Natl Astron Observ Japan, Mizusawa VLBI Observ, Ohshu, Iwate 0230861, Japan Syst & Technol Res, 600 West Cummings Pk, Woburn, MA 01801 USA MERLAB, 357 S Candler St, Decatur, GA 30030 USA Georgia Inst Technol, GWW Sch Mech Engn, 771 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst Particle Astrophys & Cosmol, 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 USA Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA CALTECH, Owens Valley Radio Observ, Big Pine, CA 93513 USA Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Radio Astron Lab, 601 Campbell, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Univ Americas Puebla, Sta Catarina Martir S-N, Cholula 72810, Mexico |
| Keywords | ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI SCALE CIRCULAR-POLARIZATION GAMMA-RAY RELATIVISTIC JETS ACCRETION DISKS QUASARS VARIABILITY LONG FLOWS FLARE |
| Issue Date | 12-Aug-2020 |
| Publisher | ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS |
| Abstract | 3C 279 is an archetypal blazar with a prominent radio jet that show broadband flux density variability across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. We use an ultra-high angular resolution technique - global Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) at 1.3 mm (230 GHz) - to resolve the innermost jet of 3C 279 in order to study its fine-scale morphology close to the jet base where highly variable gamma -ray emission is thought to originate, according to various models. The source was observed during four days in April 2017 with the Event Horizon Telescope at 230 GHz, including the phased Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), at an angular resolution of similar to 20 mu as (at a redshift of z=0.536 this corresponds to similar to 0.13 pc similar to 1700 Schwarzschild radii with a black hole mass M-BH=8x10(8) M-circle dot). Imaging and model-fitting techniques were applied to the data to parameterize the fine-scale source structure and its variation. We find a multicomponent inner jet morphology with the northernmost component elongated perpendicular to the direction of the jet, as imaged at longer wavelengths. The elongated nuclear structure is consistent on all four observing days and across different imaging methods and model-fitting techniques, and therefore appears robust. Owing to its compactness and brightness, we associate the northern nuclear structure as the VLBI "core". This morphology can be interpreted as either a broad resolved jet base or a spatially bent jet. We also find significant day-to-day variations in the closure phases, which appear most pronounced on the triangles with the longest baselines. Our analysis shows that this variation is related to a systematic change of the source structure. Two inner jet components move non-radially at apparent speeds of similar to 15 c and similar to 20 c (similar to 1.3 and similar to 1.7 mu as day(-1), respectively), which more strongly supports the scenario of traveling shocks or instabilities in a bent, possibly rotating jet. The observed apparent speeds are also coincident with the 3C 279 large-scale jet kinematics observed at longer (cm) wavelengths, suggesting no significant jet acceleration between the 1.3 mm core and the outer jet. The intrinsic brightness temperature of the jet components are less than or similar to 10(10) K, a magnitude or more lower than typical values seen at >= 7 mm wavelengths. The low brightness temperature and morphological complexity suggest that the core region of 3C 279 becomes optically thin at short (mm) wavelengths. |
| URI | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11897/591407 |
| ISSN | 0004-6361 |
| DOI | 10.1051/0004-6361/202037493 |
| Indexed | SCI(E) |
| Appears in Collections: | 物理学院 科维理天文与天体物理研究所 |
