| Title | PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons inside and outside a primary school classroom in Beijing: Concentration, composition, and inhalation cancer risk |
| Authors | Zhang, Lulu Morisaki, Hiroshi Wei, Yongjie Li, Zhigang Yang, Lu Zhou, Quanyu Zhang, Xuan Xing, Wanli Hu, Min Shima, Masayuki Toriba, Akira Hayakawa, Kazuichi Tang, Ning |
| Affiliation | Kanazawa Univ, Grad Sch Med Sci, Kakuma Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9201192, Japan Chinese Res Inst Environm Sci, State Key Lab Environm Criteria & Risk Assessment, Beijing 100012, Peoples R China Peking Univ, Coll Environm Sci & Engn, State Key Joint Lab Environm Simulat & Pollut Con, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China Hyogo Coll Med, Dept Publ Hlth, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 6638501, Japan Kanazawa Univ, Inst Med Pharmaceut & Hlth Sci, Kakuma Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9201192, Japan Kanazawa Univ, Inst Nat & Environm Technol, Kakuma Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9201192, Japan |
| Keywords | PARTICULATE MATTER SEASONAL-VARIATION SIZE DISTRIBUTION URBAN AIR SOURCE APPORTIONMENT ULTRAFINE PARTICLES EQUIVALENCY FACTORS EMISSION FACTORS ORGANIC-MATTER OUTDOOR AIR |
| Issue Date | 25-Feb-2020 |
| Publisher | SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT |
| Abstract | PM2.5 samples were collected inside and outside a primary school classroom in Beijing in 2015 and analysed for 11 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 10 nitro-PAHs (NPAHs). In the sampling period in the heating season (namely, the heating period), the median concentrations of indoor and outdoor PAHs were 223 ng/m(3) and 264 ng/m(3), respectively, and those of indoor and outdoor NPAHs were 3.61 ng/m(3) and 5.12 ng/m(3), respectively. The concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs were consistently higher in the heating period than those (indoor PAHs: 8.75 ng/m(3), outdoor PAHs: 8.95 ng/m(3), indoor NPAHs: 0.25 ng/m(3), outdoor NPAHs: 0.40 ng/m(3)) in the sampling period in the non-heating season (namely, the non-heating period). In both periods, total PAHs and total NPAHs in indoor PM2.5, as well as most individual PAHs and NPAHs, were positively correlated with the outdoor PAH and NPAH concentrations (p < 0.05).This finding suggests that indoor PAHs and NPAHs are largely dependent on outdoor inputs. It is inferred from the diagnostic ratios that PAHs and NPAHs in indoor and outdoor PM2.5 were affected jointly by coal combustion and vehicular emission in the heating period and mainly derived from vehicle exhaust in the non-heating period. Both indoor and outdoor PM 25 showed considerable benzoialpyrene equivalent toxicity (BaPeq), especially in the heating period. Benzoklfluorene (BcFE) had relatively low concentrations but large contributions to BaPeq in both periods. This is the first report of PM2.5-bound BcFE inside and outside classrooms in Beijing. This result indicates that neglecting PAHs with low abundance but high toxicity leads to a significant underestimation of the overall PAH toxicity. The inhalation cancer risk (CR) of PAHs and NPAHs in PM2.5 during the primary school year exceeded the acceptable level as defined by the US. EPA, emphasizing its impact on the lifetime CR in schoolchildren. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
| URI | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11897/585397 |
| ISSN | 0048-9697 |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135840 |
| Indexed | SCI(E) Scopus EI |
| Appears in Collections: | 环境科学与工程学院 环境模拟与污染控制国家重点联合实验室 |
