| Title | First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole |
| Authors | Akiyama, Kazunori Alberdi, Antxon Alef, Walter Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Ball, David Balokovic, Mislav Barrett, John Bintley, Dan Blackburn, Lindy Boland, Wilfred Bouman, Katherine L. Bower, Geoffrey C. Bremer, Michael Brinkerink, Christiaan D. Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broderick, Avery E. Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Byun, Do-Young Carlstrom, John E. Chael, Andrew Chan, Chi-kwan Chatterjee, Shami Chatterjee, Koushik Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conway, John E. Cordes, James M. Crew, Geoffrey B. Cui, Yuzhu Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Dempsey, Jessica Desvignes, Gregory Dexter, Jason Doeleman, Sheperd S. Eatough, Ralph P. Falcke, Heino Fish, Vincent L. Fomalont, Ed Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Freeman, William T. Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Gomez, Jose L. Galison, Peter Gammie, Charles F. Garcia, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Georgiev, Boris Goddi, Ciriaco Gold, Roman Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark Hada, Kazuhiro Hecht, Michael H. Hesper, Ronald Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Ikeda, Shiro Inoue, Makoto Issaoun, Sara James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Janssen, Michael Jeter, Britton Jiang, Wu Johnson, Michael D. Jorstad, Svetlana Jung, Taehyun Karami, Mansour Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, Mark Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Junhan Kim, Jongsoo Kino, Motoki Koay, Jun Yi Koch, Patrick M. Koyama, Shoko Kramer, Michael Kramer, Carsten Krichbaum, Thomas P. Kuo, Cheng-Yu Lauer, Tod R. Lee, Sang-Sung Li, Yan-Rong Li, Zhiyuan Lindqvist, Michael Liu, Kuo Liuzzo, Elisabetta Lo, Wen-Ping Lobanov, Andrei P. Loinard, Laurent Lonsdale, Colin Lu, Ru-Sen MacDonald, Nicholas R. Mao, Jirong Markoff, Sera Marrone, Daniel P. Marscher, Alan P. Marti-Vidal, Ivan Matsushita, Satoki Matthews, Lynn D. Medeiros, Lia Menten, Karl M. Mizuno, Yosuke Mizuno, Izumi Moran, James M. Moriyama, Kotaro Moscibrodzka, Monika Mueller, Cornelia Nagai, Hiroshi Nagar, Neil M. Nakamura, Masanori Narayan, Ramesh Narayanan, Gopal Natarajan, Iniyan Neri, Roberto Ni, Chunchong Noutsos, Aristeidis Okino, Hiroki Olivares, Hector Ortiz-Leon, Gisela N. Oyama, Tomoaki Ozel, Feryal Palumbo, Daniel C. M. Patel, Nimesh Pen, Ue-Li Pesce, Dominic W. Pietu, Vincent Plambeck, Richard PopStefanija, Aleksandar Porth, Oliver Prather, Ben Preciado-Lopez, Jorge A. Psaltis, Dimitrios Pu, Hung-Yi Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh Rao, Ramprasad Rawlings, Mark G. Raymond, Alexander W. Rezzolla, Luciano Ripperda, Bart Roelofs, Freek Rogers, Alan Ros, Eduardo Rose, Mel Roshanineshat, Arash Rottmann, Helge Roy, Alan L. Ruszczyk, Chet Ryan, Benjamin R. Rygl, Kazi L. J. Sanchez, Salvador Sanchez-Arguelles, David Sasada, Mahito Savolainen, Tuomas Schloerb, F. Peter Schuster, Karl-Friedrich Shao, Lijing Shen, Zhiqiang Small, Des Sohn, Bong Won SooHoo, Jason Tazaki, Fumie Tiede, Paul Tilanus, Remo P. J. Titus, Michael Toma, Kenji Torne, Pablo Trent, Tyler Trippe, Sascha Tsuda, Shuichiro van Bemmel, Ilse van Langevelde, Huib Jan van Rossum, Daniel R. Wagner, Jan Wardle, John Weintroub, Jonathan Wex, Norbert Wharton, Robert Wielgus, Maciek Wong, George N. Wu, Qingwen Young, Ken Young, Andre Younsi, Ziri Yuan, Feng Yuan, Ye-Fei Zensus, J. Anton Zhao, Guangyao Zhao, Shan-Shan Zhu, Ziyan Algaba, Juan-Carlos Allardi, Alexander Amestica, Rodrigo Anczarski, Jadyn Bach, Uwe Baganoff, Frederick K. Beaudoin, Christopher Benson, Bradford A. Berthold, Ryan Blanchard, Jay M. Blundell, Ray Bustamente, Sandra Cappallo, Roger Castillo-Dominguez, Edgar Chang, Chih-Cheng Chang, Shu-Hao Chang, Song-Chu Chen, Chung-Chen Chilson, Ryan Chuter, Tim C. Rosado, Rodrigo Cordova Coulson, Iain M. Crawford, Thomas M. Crowley, Joseph David, John Derome, Mark Dexter, Matthew Dornbusch, Sven Dudevoir, Kevin A. Dzib, Sergio A. Eckart, Andreas Eckert, Chris Erickson, Neal R. Everett, Wendeline B. Faber, Aaron Farah, Joseph R. Fath, Vernon Folkers, Thomas W. Forbes, David C. Freund, Robert Gomez-Ruiz, Arturo I. Gale, David M. Gao, Feng Geertsema, Gertie Graham, David A. Greer, Christopher H. Grosslein, Ronald Gueth, Frederic Haggard, Daryl Halverson, Nils W. Han, Chih-Chiang Han, Kuo-Chang Hao, Jinchi Hasegawa, Yutaka Henning, Jason W. Hernandez-Gomez, Antonio Herrero-Illana, Ruben Heyminck, Stefan Hirota, Akihiko Hoge, James Huang, Yau-De Impellizzeri, C. M. Violette Jiang, Homin Kamble, Atish Keisler, Ryan Kimura, Kimihiro Kono, Yusuke Kubo, Derek Kuroda, John Lacasse, Richard Laing, Robert A. Leitch, Erik M. Li, Chao-Te Lin, Lupin C. -C. Liu, Ching-Tang Liu, Kuan-Yu Lu, Li-Ming Marson, Ralph G. Martin-Cocher, Pierre L. Massingill, Kyle D. Matulonis, Callie McColl, Martin P. McWhirter, Stephen R. Messias, Hugo Meyer-Zhao, Zheng Michalik, Daniel Montana, Alfredo Montgomerie, William Mora-Klein, Matias Muders, Dirk Nadolski, Andrew Navarro, Santiago Neilsen, Joseph Nguyen, Chi H. Nishioka, Hiroaki Norton, Timothy Nowak, Michael A. Nystrom, George Ogawa, Hideo Oshiro, Peter Oyama, Tomoaki Parsons, Harriet Paine, Scott N. Penalver, Juan Phillips, Neil M. Poirier, Michael Pradel, Nicolas Primiani, Rurik A. Raffin, Philippe A. Rahlin, Alexandra S. Reiland, George Risacher, Christopher Ruiz, Ignacio Saez-Madain, Alejandro F. Sassella, Remi Schellart, Pim Shaw, Paul Silva, Kevin M. Shiokawa, Hotaka Smith, David R. Snow, William Souccar, Kamal Sousa, Don Sridharan, T. K. Srinivasan, Ranjani Stahm, William Stark, Anthony A. Story, Kyle Timmer, Sjoerd T. Vertatschitsch, Laura Walther, Craig Wei, Ta-Shun Whitehorn, Nathan Whitney, Alan R. Woody, David P. Wouterloot, Jan G. A. Wright, Melvin Yamaguchi, Paul Yu, Chen-Yu Zeballos, Milagros Zhang, Shuo Ziurys, Lucy |
| Affiliation | Natl Radio Astron Observ, 520 Edgemont Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA MIT, Haystack Observ, 99 Millstone Rd, Westford, MA 01886 USA Natl Astron Observ Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan Harvard Univ, Black Hole Initiat, 20 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, Glorieta Astron S-N, E-18008 Granada, Spain Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 11F Astron Math Bldg,AS NTU 1,Sect 4,Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan Univ Valencia, Dept Astron & Astrofis, C Dr Moliner 50, E-46100 Valencia, Spain Univ Valencia, Astron Observ, C Catedratico Jose Beltran 2, E-46980 Valencia, Spain Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA Univ Arizona, Dept Astron, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA NOVA, POB 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, 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Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Astron, Bunkyo Ku, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan Univ Toronto, Canadian Inst Theoret Astrophys, 60 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada Univ Toronto, Dunlap Inst Astron & Astrophys, 50 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada Canadian Inst Adv Res, 180 Dundas St West, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8, Canada Univ Calif Berkeley, Radio Astron Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Los Alamos Natl Lab, CCS 2,POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Theoret Astrophys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA IRAM, Ave Divina Pastora 7,Local 20, E-18012 Granada, Spain Consejo Nacl Ciencia & Technol, Ave Insurgentes Sur 1582, Mexico City 03940, DF, Mexico Hiroshima Univ, Hiroshima Astrophys Sci Ctr, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Hiroshima 7398526, Japan Aalto Univ, Dept Elect & Nanoengn, PL 15500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland Aalto Univ, Metsahovi Radio Observ, Metsahovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmala, Finland Yonsei Univ, Dept Astron, Yonsei Ro 50, Seoul 03722, South Korea Netherlands Org Sci Res NWO, Postbus 93138, NL-2509 AC The Hague, Netherlands Tohoku Univ, Frontier Res Inst Interdisciplinary Sci, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan Tohoku Univ, Astron Inst, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Seoul 08826, South Korea Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ, Postbus 2300, NL-9513 RA Leiden, Netherlands Brandeis Univ, Dept Phys, 415 South St, Waltham, MA 02453 USA Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Phys, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, Peoples R China Univ Coll London, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Sch Astron & Space Sci, 19A Yuquan Rd, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China Univ Sci & Technol China, Dept Astron, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China Univ Malaya, Fac Sci, Dept Phys, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia Univ Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 USA Natl Radio Astron Observ, NRAO Technol Ctr, 1180 Boxwood Estate Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA Villanova Univ, Dept 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Cholula 72810, Mexico |
| Keywords | accretion, accretion disks black hole physics galaxies: active galaxies: individual (M87) galaxies: jets gravitation |
| Issue Date | 2019 |
| Publisher | ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS |
| Abstract | When surrounded by a transparent emission region, black holes are expected to reveal a dark shadow caused by gravitational light bending and photon capture at the event horizon. To image and study this phenomenon, we have assembled the Event Horizon Telescope, a global very long baseline interferometry array observing at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. This allows us to reconstruct event-horizon-scale images of the supermassive black hole candidate in the center of the giant elliptical galaxy M87. We have resolved the central compact radio source as an asymmetric bright emission ring with a diameter of 42 +/- 3 mu as, which is circular and encompasses a central depression in brightness with a flux ratio greater than or similar to 10: 1. The emission ring is recovered using different calibration and imaging schemes, with its diameter and width remaining stable over four different observations carried out in different days. Overall, the observed image is consistent with expectations for the shadow of a Kerr black hole as predicted by general relativity. The asymmetry in brightness in the ring can be explained in terms of relativistic beaming of the emission from a plasma rotating close to the speed of light around a black hole. We compare our images to an extensive library of ray-traced general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of black holes and derive a central mass of M = (6.5 +/- 0.7) x 10(9) M-circle dot. Our radio-wave observations thus provide powerful evidence for the presence of supermassive black holes in centers of galaxies and as the central engines of active galactic nuclei. They also present a new tool to explore gravity in its most extreme limit and on a mass scale that was so far not accessible. |
| URI | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11897/549151 |
| ISSN | 2041-8205 |
| DOI | 10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7 |
| Indexed | SCI(E) EI |
| Appears in Collections: | 物理学院 科维理天文与天体物理研究所 |
