| Title | First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation |
| Authors | Akiyama, Kazunori Alberdi, Antxon Alef, Walter Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Ball, David Balokovic, Mislav Barrett, John Bintley, Dan Blackburn, Lindy Boland, Wilfred Bouman, Katherine L. Bower, Geoffrey C. Bremer, Michael Brinkerink, Christiaan D. Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broderick, Avery E. Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Byun, Do-Young Carlstrom, John E. Chael, Andrew Chan, Chi-Kwan Chatterjee, Shami Chatterjee, Koushik Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conway, John E. Cordes, James M. Crew, Geoffrey B. Cui, Yuzhu Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Dempsey, Jessica Desvignes, Gregory Dexter, Jason Doeleman, Sheperd S. Eatough, Ralph P. Falcke, Heino Fish, Vincent L. Fomalont, Ed Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Gomez, Jose L. Galison, Peter Gammie, Charles F. Garcia, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Georgiev, Boris Goddi, Ciriaco Gold, Roman Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark Hada, Kazuhiro Hecht, Michael H. Hesper, Ronald Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Ikeda, Shiro Inoue, Makoto Issaoun, Sara James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Janssen, Michael Jeter, Britton Jiang, Wu Johnson, Michael D. Jorstad, Svetlana Jung, Taehyun Karami, Mansour Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, Mark Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Junhan Kim, Jongsoo Kino, Motoki Koay, Jun Yi Koch, Patrick M. Koyama, Shoko Kramer, Michael Kramer, Carsten Krichbaum, Thomas P. Kuo, Cheng-Yu Lauer, Tod R. Lee, Sang-Sung Li, Yan-Rong Li, Zhiyuan Lindqvist, Michael Liu, Kuo Liuzzo, Elisabetta Lo, Wen-Ping Lobanov, Andrei P. Loinard, Laurent Lonsdale, Colin Lu, Ru-Sen MacDonald, Nicholas R. Mao, Jirong Markoff, Sera Marrone, Daniel P. Marscher, Alan P. Marti-Vidal, Ivan Matsushita, Satoki Matthews, Lynn D. Medeiros, Lia Menten, Karl M. Mizuno, Yosuke Mizuno, Izumi Moran, James M. Moriyama, Kotaro Moscibrodzka, Monika Mueller, Cornelia Nagai, Hiroshi Nagar, Neil M. Nakamura, Masanori Narayan, Ramesh Narayanan, Gopal Natarajan, Iniyan Neri, Roberto Ni, Chunchong Noutsos, Aristeidis Okino, Hiroki Olivares, Hector Ortiz-Leon, Gisela N. Oyama, Tomoaki Ozel, Feryal Palumbo, Daniel C. M. Patel, Nimesh Pen, Ue-Li Pesce, Dominic W. Pietu, Vincent Plambeck, Richard PopStefanija, Aleksandar Porth, Oliver Ben Prather Preciado-Lopez, Jorge A. Psaltis, Dimitrios Pu, Hung-Yi Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh Rao, Ramprasad Rawlings, Mark G. Raymond, Alexander W. Rezzolla, Luciano Ripperda, Bart Roelofs, Freek Rogers, Alan Ros, Eduardo Rose, Mel Roshanineshat, Arash Rottmann, Helge Roy, Alan L. Ruszczyk, Chet Ryan, Benjamin R. Rygl, Kazi L. J. Sanchez, Salvador Sanchez-Arguelles, David Sasada, Mahito Savolainen, Tuomas Schloerb, F. Peter Schuster, Karl-Friedrich Shao, Lijing Shen, Zhiqiang Small, Des Sohn, Bong Won SooHoo, Jason Tazaki, Fumie Tiede, Paul Tilanus, Remo P. J. Titus, Michael Toma, Kenji Torne, Pablo Trent, Tyler Trippe, Sascha Tsuda, Shuichiro van Bemmel, Ilse van Langevelde, Huib Jan van Rossum, Daniel R. Wagner, Jan Wardle, John Weintroub, Jonathan Wex, Norbert Wharton, Robert Wielgus, Maciek Wong, George N. Wu, Qingwen Young, Andre Young, Ken Younsi, Ziri Yuan, Feng Yuan, Ye-Fei Zensus, J. Anton Zhao, Guangyao Zhao, Shan-Shan Zhu, Ziyan Algaba, Juan-Carlos Allardi, Alexander Amestica, Rodrigo Bach, Uwe Beaudoin, Christopher Benson, Bradford A. Berthold, Ryan Blanchard, Jay M. Blundell, Ray Bustamente, Sandra Cappallo, Roger Castillo-Dominguez, Edgar Chang, Chih-Cheng Chang, Shu-Hao Chang, Song-Chu Chen, Chung-Chen Chilson, Ryan Chuter, Tim C. Rosado, Rodrigo Cordova Coulson, Iain M. Crawford, Thomas M. Crowley, Joseph David, John Derome, Mark Dexter, Matthew Dornbusch, Sven Dudevoir, Kevin A. Dzib, Sergio A. Eckert, Chris Erickson, Neal R. Everett, Wendeline B. Faber, Aaron Farah, Joseph R. Fath, Vernon Folkers, Thomas W. Forbes, David C. Freund, Robert Gomez-Ruiz, Arturo I. Gale, David M. Gao, Feng Geertsema, Gertie Graham, David A. Greer, Christopher H. Grosslein, Ronald Gueth, Frederic Halverson, Nils W. Han, Chih-Chiang Han, Kuo-Chang Hao, Jinchi Hasegawa, Yutaka Henning, Jason W. Hernandez-Gomez, Antonio Herrero-Illana, Ruben Heyminck, Stefan Hirota, Akihiko Hoge, James Huang, Yau-De Impellizzeri, C. M. Violette Jiang, Homin Kamble, Atish Keisler, Ryan Kimura, Kimihiro Kono, Yusuke Kubo, Derek Kuroda, John Lacasse, Richard Laing, Robert A. Leitch, Erik M. Li, Chao-Te Lin, Lupin C. -C. Liu, Ching-Tang Liu, Kuan-Yu Lu, Li-Ming Marson, Ralph G. Martin-Cocher, Pierre L. Massingill, Kyle D. Matulonis, Callie McColl, Martin P. McWhirter, Stephen R. Messias, Hugo Meyer-Zhao, Zheng Michalik, Daniel Montana, Alfredo Montgomerie, William Mora-Klein, Matias Muders, Dirk Nadolski, Andrew Navarro, Santiago Nguyen, Chi H. Nishioka, Hiroaki Norton, Timothy Nystrom, George Ogawa, Hideo Oshiro, Peter Oyama, Tomoaki Padin, Stephen Parsons, Harriet Paine, Scott N. Penalver, Juan Phillips, Neil M. Poirier, Michael Pradel, Nicolas Primiani, Rurik A. Raffin, Philippe A. Rahlin, Alexandra S. Reiland, George Risacher, Christopher Ruiz, Ignacio Saez-Madain, Alejandro F. Sassella, Remi Schellart, Pim Shaw, Paul Silva, Kevin M. Shiokawa, Hotaka Smith, David R. Snow, William Souccar, Kamal Sousa, Don Sridharan, T. K. Srinivasan, Ranjani Stahm, William Stark, Antony A. Story, Kyle Timmer, Sjoerd T. Vertatschitsch, Laura Walther, Craig Wei, Ta-Shun Whitehorn, Nathan Whitney, Alan R. Woody, David P. Wouterloot, Jan G. A. Wright, Melvin Yamaguchi, Paul Yu, Chen-Yu Zeballos, Milagros Ziurys, Lucy |
| Affiliation | Natl Radio Astron Observ, 520 Edgemont Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA MIT, Haystack Observ, 99 Millstone Rd, Westford, MA 01886 USA Natl Astron Observ Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan Harvard Univ, Black Hole Initiat, 20 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, Glorieta Astron S-N, E-18008 Granada, Spain Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 11F Astron Math Bldg,AS NTU 1,Sect 4,Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan Univ Valencia, Dept Astron & Astrofis, C Dr Moliner 50, E-46100 Valencia, Spain Univ Valencia, Observ Astron, C Catedratico Jose Beltran 2, E-46980 Valencia, Spain Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA Univ Arizona, Dept Astron, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA NOVA, POB 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands CALTECH, 1200 East Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 645 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA Inst Radioastron Millimetr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Dept Astrophys, IMAPP, POB 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands Perimeter Inst Theoret Phys, 31 Caroline St North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada Univ Waterloo, Dept Phys & Astron, 200 Univ Ave West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada Univ Waterloo, Waterloo Ctr Astrophys, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst, Daedeok Daero 776, Daejeon 34055, South Korea Univ Sci & Technol, Gajeong Ro 217, Daejeon 34113, South Korea Univ Chicago, Kavli Inst Cosmol Phys, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Univ Arizona, Data Sci Inst, 1230 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA Cornell Univ, Cornell Ctr Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, Sci Pk 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Astron Observ, 80 Nandan Rd, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Radio Astron, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, Peoples R China Chalmers Univ Technol, Onsala Space Observ, Dept Space Earth & Environm, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden Natl Astron Observ Japan, Mizusawa VLBI Observ, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Oshu, Iwate 0230861, Japan Grad Univ Adv Studies SOKENDAI, Dept Astron Sci, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan Univ Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento Fis E Pancini, Compl Univ Monte S Angelo,Edificio G,Via Cinthia, I-80126 Naples, Italy Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Inst Theoret Phys, Max von Laue Str 1, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany INFN, Sez Napoli, Compl Univ Monte S Angelo,Edificio G,Via Cinthia, I-80126 Naples, Italy Univ Pretoria, Dept Phys, Lynnwood Rd, ZA-0083 Pretoria, South Africa Rhodes Univ, Dept Phys & Elect, Ctr Radio Astron Tech & Technol, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, Giessenbachstr 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany Harvard Univ, Dept Hist Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, 1110 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA Univ Illinois, Dept Astron, 1002 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ Allegro, POB 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Res Galaxies & Cosmol, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China Univ Groningen, Kapteyn Astron Inst, NOVA Submm Instrumentat Grp, Landleven 12, NL-9747 AD Groningen, Netherlands Peking Univ, Sch Phys, Dept Astron, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China Peking Univ, Kavli Inst Astron & Astrophys, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China Inst Nacl Astrofis Opt & Electr, Apartado Postal 51 & 216, Puebla Pue 72000, Mexico Inst Stat Math, 10-3 Midori Cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 1908562, Japan Grad Univ Adv Studies SOKENDAI, Dept Stat Sci, 10-3 Midori Cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 1908562, Japan Univ Tokyo, Kavli Inst Phys & Math Universe, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778583, Japan Boston Univ, Inst Astrophys Res, 725 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA St Petersburg Univ, Astron Inst, Univ Skij Pr 28, St Petersburg 198504, Russia Joint Inst VLBI ERIC JIVE, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, NL-7991 PD Dwingeloo, Netherlands Kogakuin Univ Technol & Engn, Acad Support Ctr, 2665-1 Nakano, Hachioji, Tokyo 1920015, Japan Natl Sun Yat Sen Univ, Dept Phys, 70 Lien Hai Rd, Kaosiung City 80424, Taiwan Natl Opt Astron Observ, 950 North Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA Chinese Acad Sci, Inst High Energy Phys, Key Lab Particle Astrophys, 19B Yuquan Rd, Beijing, Peoples R China Nanjing Univ, Sch Astron & Space Sci, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, Peoples R China Nanjing Univ, Key Lab Modern Astron & Astrophys, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, Peoples R China INAF Ist Radioastron, Italian ALMA Reg Ctr, Via P Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Phys, 1,Sect 4,Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Radioastron & Astrofis, Morelia 58089, Michoacan, Mexico Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Astron, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico Chinese Acad Sci, Yunnan Observ, Kunming 650011, Yunnan, Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Astron Mega Sci, 20A Datun Rd, Beijing 100012, Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Struct & Evolut Celestial Objects, Kunming 650011, Yunnan, Peoples R China Univ Amsterdam, Gravitat Astroparticle Phys Amsterdam GRAPPA Inst, Sci Pk 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands Ctr Astron Yebes IGN, Apartado 148, E-19180 Yebes, Spain Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA Univ Concepcion, Dept Astron, Casilla 160-C, Concepcion, Chile Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Astron, Bunkyo Ku, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan Univ Toronto, Canadian Inst Theoret Astrophys, 60 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada Univ Toronto, Dunlap Inst Astron & Astrophys, 50 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada Canadian Inst Adv Res, 180 Dundas St West, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8, Canada Univ Calif Berkeley, Radio Astron Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Los Alamos Natl Lab, CCS 2, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Theoret Astrophys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA IRAM, Inst Radioastron Milimetr, Ave Div Pastora 7, E-18012 Granada, Spain Consejo Nacl Ciencia & Technol, Ave Insurgentes Sur 1582, Mexico City 03940, DF, Mexico Hiroshima Univ, Hiroshima Astrophys Sci Ctr, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 7398526, Japan Aalto Univ, Dept Elect & Nanoengn, PL 15500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland Aalto Univ, Metsahovi Radio Observ, Metsahovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmala, Finland Yonsei Univ, Dept Astron, Yonsei Ro 50, Seoul 03722, South Korea Netherlands Org Sci Res NWO, Postbus 93138, NL-2509 AC The Hague, Netherlands Tohoku Univ, Frontier Res Inst Interdisciplinary Sci, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan Tohoku Univ, Astron Inst, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Seoul 08826, South Korea Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ, Postbus 2300, NL-9513 RA Leiden, Netherlands Brandeis Univ, Dept Phys, 415 South St, Waltham, MA 02453 USA Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Phys, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, Peoples R China Univ Coll London, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Sch Astron & Space Sci, 19A Yuquan Rd, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China Univ Sci & Technol China, Dept Astron, Hefei 230026, Anhui, Peoples R China Univ Malaya, Fac Sci, Dept Phys, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia Univ Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 USA NRAO Technol Ctr, Natl Radio Astron Observ, 1180 Boxwood Estate Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA Inst Nacl Astrofis Opt & Electr, Luis Enrique Erro 1, Puebla 72840, Mexico Consejo Nacl Ciencia & Technol, Ave Insurgentes 1582, Mexico City 03940, DF, Mexico Natl Chung Shan Inst Sci & Technol, 566,Ln 134,Longyuan Rd, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan MIT, Haystack Observ, 99 Millstone Rd, Westford, MA 01886 USA Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, 501 Campbell, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, CASA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA Western Univ, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada Univ Massachusetts Boston, 100 William T,Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA 02125 USA Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, Res & Dev Weather & Climate Models, Utrechtseweg 297, NL-3731 GA De Bilt, Netherlands Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA Osaka Prefecture Univ, Sakai, Osaka 5998531, Japan Argonne Natl Lab, Div High Energy Phys, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA Univ Toulouse, IRAP, CNRS, UPS,CNES, Toulouse, France European Southern Observ, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Casilla 19001, Santiago De Chi, Chile Joint ALMA Observ, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura 7630355, Santiago De Chi, Chile Natl Radio Astron Observ, 520 Edgemont Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA ASIAA Hilo Off, 645 N Aohoku Pl,Univ Pk, Hilo, HI 96720 USA Jodrell Bank Observ, Sq Kilometre Array Org, Macclesfield SK11 9DL, Cheshire, England Ulsan Natl Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Ulsan 44919, South Korea Natl Radio Astron Observ, POB O, Socorro, NM 87801 USA ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, NL-7991 PD Dwingeloo, Netherlands European Space Res & Technol Ctr ESA ESTEC, Directorate Sci, Sci Support Off, Keplerlaan 1, NL-2201 AZ Noordwijk, Netherlands Rochester Inst Technol, Sch Phys & Astron, Ctr Detectors, 1 Lomb Mem Dr, Rochester, NY 14623 USA Natl Astron Observ Japan, Mizusawa VLBI Observ, Ohshu, Iwate 0230861, Japan Syst & Technol Res, 600 West Cummings Pk, Woburn, MA 01801 USA Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA Princeton Univ, Dept Astrophys Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA MERLAB, 357 S Candler St, Decatur, GA 30030 USA Georgia Inst Technol, GWW Sch Mech Engn, 771 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst Particle Astrophys & Cosmol, 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 USA Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA CALTECH, Owens Valley Radio Observ, Big Pine, CA 93513 USA Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron Radio Astron Lab, 601 Campbell, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Univ Amer Puebla, Sta Catarina Martir S-N, Mexico City 72810, DF, Mexico |
| Keywords | black hole physics galaxies: individual (M87) Galaxy: center gravitational lensing: strong instrumentation: interferometers techniques: high angular resolution |
| Issue Date | 2019 |
| Publisher | ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS |
| Abstract | The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) array that comprises millimeter- and submillimeter-wavelength telescopes separated by distances comparable to the diameter of the Earth. At a nominal operating wavelength of similar to 1.3 mm, EHT angular resolution (lambda/D) is similar to 25 mu as, which is sufficient to resolve nearby supermassive black hole candidates on spatial and temporal scales that correspond to their event horizons. With this capability, the EHT scientific goals are to probe general relativistic effects in the strong-field regime and to study accretion and relativistic jet formation near the black hole boundary. In this Letter we describe the system design of the EHT, detail the technology and instrumentation that enable observations, and provide measures of its performance. Meeting the EHT science objectives has required several key developments that have facilitated the robust extension of the VLBI technique to EHT observing wavelengths and the production of instrumentation that can be deployed on a heterogeneous array of existing telescopes and facilities. To meet sensitivity requirements, high-bandwidth digital systems were developed that process data at rates of 64. gigabit s(-1), exceeding those of currently operating cm-wavelength VLBI arrays by more than an order of magnitude. Associated improvements include the development of phasing systems at array facilities, new receiver installation at several sites, and the deployment of hydrogen maser frequency standards to ensure coherent data capture across the array. These efforts led to the coordination and execution of the first Global EHT observations in 2017 April, and to event-horizon-scale imaging of the supermassive black hole candidate in M87. |
| URI | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11897/549150 |
| ISSN | 2041-8205 |
| DOI | 10.3847/2041-8213/ab0c96 |
| Indexed | SCI(E) EI |
| Appears in Collections: | 物理学院 科维理天文与天体物理研究所 |
