| Title | 2D:4D indicates phimosis risk: A study on digit ratio and early foreskin development |
| Authors | Li, Guanjian Huo, Ying Sun, Ke Wang, Xiaodong Li, Hao Gao, Le Ma, Bin |
| Affiliation | Xinjiang Med Univ, Affiliated Hosp 2, Xinjiang, Peoples R China. Peking Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Beijing, Peoples R China. XinJiang Med Univ, Xinjiang, Peoples R China. 393 New Doctor St, Xinjiang 830000, Peoples R China. |
| Keywords | Digit ratio 2D:4D Sex hormones Foreskin Redundant prepuce Phimosis Circumcision ANDROGEN RECEPTOR GENE 2ND TESTOSTERONE LENGTH PREDICTOR FINGER EXPRESSION PHOTOCOPIES SCHOOLBOYS EXPOSURE |
| Issue Date | 2016 |
| Publisher | EARLY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT |
| Citation | EARLY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT.2016,99,21-25. |
| Abstract | Background: Many researchers have adopted 2D:4D (second to fourth finger length ratio) as a noninvasive retrospective biomarker for prenatal androgen exposure in recent years. It is thought to be related to diverse traits including behavioral phenotypes, disease susceptibility, and development of urogenital system. Objective: To examine the relationship between 2D:4D and early foreskin development. Methods: We analyzed the digit ratio and foreskin condition in 176 cases (range 0-6 years). The boys were divided into four groups according to their ages: group 1, neonates (below 28 days, n = 13); group 2, infants (1-12 months, n = 45); group 3, toddlers (1-2 years old, n = 42); group 4, preschool children (3-6 years old, n = 76). We measured the lengths of the second and fourth digits of the left and right hands. The foreskin status was classified into 4 types. Type I (phimosis), type II (partial phimosis), type III (adhesion of prepuce), type IV (normal). Results: The phimosis rate was 92.3%, 82.2%, 45.2%, and 38.7% in group1 to group 4. In contrast, the proportion of normal foreskin increased from 0% in neonates to 13.2% in preschool children. The percentage of higher level of foreskin development shows a downward trend with the increase of digits ratio, and as the age grows, the percentage of normal foreskin cases also increases. Conclusions: These results suggest that a higher R2D:4D (right hand 2D:4D) is a risk factor for phimosis in the early human development. Age is also a significant influence factor of foreskin conditions. Additional research is required to identify pathophysiologic mechanisms and to determine clinical significance. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. |
| URI | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11897/491685 |
| ISSN | 0378-3782 |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2016.05.013 |
| Indexed | SCI(E) PubMed |
| Appears in Collections: | 公共卫生学院 |
