| Title | Investigation on microbial inactivation and urea decomposition in human urine during thermal storage |
| Authors | Zhou, Xiaoqin Li, Yajie Li, Zifu Xi, Yue Uddin, Sayed Mohammad Nazim Zhang, Yang |
| Affiliation | Univ Sci & Technol Beijing, Beijing Key Lab Resource Oriented Treatment Ind P, Sch Energy & Environm Engn, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China. Peking Univ, Coll Environm Sci & Engn, Beijing, Peoples R China. Univ Victoria, Dept Geog, Victoria, BC, Canada. Minist Environm Protect, China ASEAN Environm Cooperat Ctr, Beijing, Peoples R China. |
| Keywords | human urine hygienization stabilization thermal treatment SOURCE-SEPARATED URINE HARVESTED RAINWATER SOLAR DISINFECTION RECOVERY TEMPERATURE PHOSPHORUS SANITATION EFFICIENCY COUNTRIES BACTERIA |
| Issue Date | 2017 |
| Publisher | JOURNAL OF WATER SANITATION AND HYGIENE FOR DEVELOPMENT |
| Citation | JOURNAL OF WATER SANITATION AND HYGIENE FOR DEVELOPMENT.2017,7(3),378-386. |
| Abstract | The World Health Organization suggests storing human urine for at least 6 months at 20 degrees C prior to application as fertilizer to reduce the potential health risks from pathogenic organisms. Such a storage condition for human urine, however, not only requires a long period of time and large space but also ignores the risk of nitrogen losses. In this study, human urine underwent thermal treatment during storage to improve disinfection and to inhibit urea hydrolysis. Microbial indicators such as Escherichia coli and fecal coliforms and the concentration of ammonia/ammonium were investigated in urine samples that were stored at 60 degrees C and 70 degrees C. Both the inactivation of indicators and decomposition of urea improved under storage temperatures of 60 degrees C and 70 degrees C compared with storage under ambient temperature. Therefore, human urine is recommended to be stored at 70 degrees C for 7 days for hygienic and stabilization purposes. Under this storage condition, pH is maintained below 8.0 and ammonia/ammonium content is maintained at approximately 800 mg/L. |
| URI | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11897/471041 |
| ISSN | 2043-9083 |
| DOI | 10.2166/washdev.2017.142 |
| Indexed | SCI(E) |
| Appears in Collections: | 环境科学与工程学院 |
